In the study with experimental animals in vitro conditions, the aim of the research was to examine the effect of verapamil on the even brawniness of the isolated organ of the respiratory ways (tracheas) in guinea-pigs on acetylcholine and histamine, and in that way, to examine local mechanisms of smooth muscle system but also to exclude the rest of the neurohumoral influences. The guinea-pigs of both sexes (average weight of 500-700 gr), were used for this experiment. 10 guinea-pigs were included in the experimental research; the trachea was taken from them after the immolation. The preparations of isolated organs of trachea were divided into two groups (A and B). The previous incubation of trachea -5 isolated by verapamil (1 minute) in concentration 10 M significantly reduced the contraction caused by acetylcholine -4 (ascent 21.49±9.63, r=0.97, p<0.05). Concentration of verapamil 10 M also caused significant fall of contraction (ascent -5 21.3±12.63, r=0.95, p<0.05). Verapamil in concentration 10 M significantly reduces the response of isolated trachea cau- -6 -5 -4 sed by histamine in concentrations 10 M and 10 M (slope 21.3±10.6, r=0.96, p<0.05).Concentration of verapamil 10 M significantly reduced the contraction of smooth muscles of isolated trachea caused by histamine (slope 15.46±10.47, r= 0.94, p < 0.05).

Conducting research in the field of respiratory function, by using measuring and testing, has many purposes. First of all, it could show us how lungs function as a whole, but also, it could lead us to the exact location of a disorder. The aim of this paper is to, by employing accurate correlation of the measured variables of the flow/volume and flow/pressure curves, determine the location of the obstruction process in the tracheobronchial tree, in central-upper airways, as well as in a segment of small airways, so called 'silent zones' of the lungs, smaller than 2 mm in internal diameter. This research included 115 healthy people and 106 patients with chronic obstructive lungs disease, of both genders. The following values of the measured lungs' function parameters were found among healthy people (% of predicted value): FVC- 93%; FEV - 91,1 %; 1 FEV x 100/ FVC- 98,7%; MEF - 107,9%; MEF - 87,5%; MEF-98,9%; Rt-147,1%; ITGV-103,3%; SRt- 130,7%. 1 25%FVC 50%FVC Among the patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, the following results of the examined parameters were gained: FVC- 66,3%; FEV - 54,2%; FEV x 100/ FVC- 80,7%; MEF - 19,3%; MEF - 23,1%; MEF- 40,5%; Rt- 51,2%; 1 1 25%FVC 50%FVC ITGV- 162,1%; SRt- 36,2%. Finally, there was a certain number of the healthy examinees who showed that direct indicators of the air flow resistance (Rt, SRt) were not significantly changed, while indirect indicators of the respiratory tracts obstruction (MEF , MEF ) were reduced, comparing to the expected tabular results.

The origin of ophthalmic artery (OA) and surrounding structures was investigated in 25 cadavers by three different methods: macroscopic, stereomicroscopic, and histological observations. The following results were obtained. In 42% of the specimens the origin of the OAwas observable in the cranial cavity and defined as the intradural type, running alongside the optic nerve within the subarachnoid space. The other 58% were named the extradural type of the OA, originated within the cavernous wall or cavity, and entered directly the optic dural sheath, thus no part of the OA was visible in the cranial cavity. OApassed through the optic canal within the dural sheath of the optic nerve. In 44% of our specimens the OAwas on the inferomedial side of the optic nerve at the entrance point to the optic canal. OAleft the optic canal at its lateral border in the apex of the orbit in 72% of our specimens. For descriptive purposes the intraorbital course of the ophthalmic artery has been divided into three parts. The first part usually runs along the infero lateral aspect of the optic nerve. The second part crosses over (in 88%) or under the optic nerve running in a medial direction. The third part extends medially to its termination. These anatomical data may provide important information for understanding the variety of the pathology in this region and is also useful for designing operative strategies.

Quick, proper and efficient transport is an integral part of all measures taken in treatment and effective care of polytraumatized patients. Before or during the transport, without regard to the transportation means, such patients often need their airways to be protected, connection to mechanical ventilation, applying of oxygen, infusion solution, painkillers or some other drugs. Continual monitoring of vital functions is required part of treatment during transport of critically ill or injured patients. Their transport, beside adequate equipment, demands theoretically and practically well trained stuff. In most European countries anesthesiologists have primary role especially in interhospital transport (for example in transport of neurosurgical patient from local to university hospital). Unfotunatelly, in our conditions transport is often carried out by unsufficiently skilled medical stuff without adequate equipment and experience what may have an effect on treatment success and surviva.

Quick, proper and efficient transport is an integral part of all measures taken in treatment and effective care of polytraumatized patients. Before or during the transport, without regard to the transportation means, such patients often need their airways to be protected, connection to mechanical ventilation, applying of oxygen, infusion solution, painkillers or some other drugs. Continual monitoring of vital functions is required part of treatment during transport of critically ill or injured patients. Their transport, beside adequate equipment, demands theoretically and practically well trained stuff. In most European countries anesthesiologists have primary role especially in interhospital transport (for example in transport of neurosurgical patient from local to university hospital). Unfotunatelly, in our conditions transport is often carried out by unsufficiently skilled medical stuff without adequate equipment and experience what may have an effect on treatment success and surviva.

Scientific researches considering the effects of glucagon on cardiovascular system show that glucagon has a certain cardiostimulative potential. The fact that glucagon accomplishes its cardiostimulative effects by activating its own, highly specific glucagonic receptors is of most importance. That's the reason why we've wanted to give more details about the effects that glucagon has on cardiovascular system in terms of having more precise image of its effects on hemodynamics and changes which can be seen on electrocardiogram. The experiment included six dogs treated with intravenous glucagon injection. Electrocardiograph and hemodynamic parameters (middle arterial pressure, central venous pressure and heart st nd rd th th th th th frequency) have been recorded in 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 minute. Electrocardiograph and heart frequency have been recorded by continuous monitoring. Middle arterial pressure has been recorded through catheter placed into a. femoralis while central venous pressure has been recorded through central venous catheter placed into v. femoralis. Having received the intravenous injection, glucagon shows extremely positive chronotropic effect, followed by ephemeral increase of middle arterial pressure, while central venous pressure has a significant decrease. Having received intravenous injection, P-R, Q-Tand T-Pinterval have been significantly shorten.

A combination of aspirin and ticlopidine has been proven to reduce the frequency of haemorrhagic and vascular complications after coronary artery stenting. Also, ticlopidine is often associated with hyperbilirubinemia and abnormal liver function test values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations between biochemical variables (serum total cholesterol levels, total bilirubin concentration, serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine- ALT and aspartate- AST aminotransferases) of aspirin and ticlopidine administered alone and in combination. The experiment was conducted on white laboratory rats, type Wistar. Thirty-two rats were divided in four groups and they received one of the following treatments for three days: group I - control, saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.); group II - aspirin (50 mg/kg/day i.p.); group III - ticlopidine (125 mg/kg/day i.p.) and group IV - aspirin+ticlopidine combination (50 mg/kg/day+125 mg/kg/day i.p.). Biochemical variables were determined at once after taking the sample of blood. Relationship between two measured variables was determined by calculating linear correlation coefficient (r). Between total cholesterol level and AST activity in control group of rats was noticed negative and low correlation (r=-0,27); in group treated with aspirin negative, high and significant correlation (r=-0,86); in group treated with ticlopidine negative and low correlation (r=-0,24); and in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination positive, high and significant correlation (r=0,79). Between other investigated variables were not noticed significant correlation in all treated groups. Based on obtained results it can be noticed that negative correlation between serum total cholesterol level and AST activity in control, aspirin and ticlopidine groups becomes positive and significant only after the treatment with aspirin+ticlopidine combination.

The increased protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is among most prominent biochemical parameter of intensified passage of macromolecules through blood-brain barrier. It is often found in cases of meningeal inflammation, neurodegeneration, neoplastic and traumatic processes developed on brain or spinal cord structures. Protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is often determined, but determination of albumin concentrations as well as mathematical models utilizing albumin are more reflective to the pathologic processes on the brain and spinal cord. Our study was limited to the determination of referent values for our laboratory for cerebrospinal fluid albumin concentrations, albumin quotient, as well as albumin transudat and exudat in the function of the age of probands. The results of the study show great agreement with previously published data.

Vulva can easily be examined, therefore it could be expected that any changes that may emerge at it would be easy
to notice and treat quickly and efficiently. Despite that, the incidence of pre-malignant and malignant changes is increasing.
Many risk factors connected to the emerging of these changes have been discovered, but many explanations have become
available only when the theory of the participation of HPVin oncogenesis has been set. The goal of the study is to identify all
the pathological changes at vulva - benignant, pre-malignant and malignant, according to the age of the patients, and
therefore, both biopsy and operational material collected from 1331 patients treated at GAK “Narodni Front” Belgrade, has been used. There have been 46 diagnoses of benignant changes, of which 20 (43,48%) had been diagnosed as condylomata acuminata, a change including a HPV infection. Most of these changes have occurred at patients aged 31-40. In 17 cases of pre-malignant changes, VIN I has occurred in 2 cases (11,76%), and VIN II and VIN III as more serious pre-malignant lesions were noticed in 8 samples. In 7 cases (41,18%), VIN III was discovered to be moving into a starting invasion phase. It can be concluded that VIN is most often at patients aged over 60. Malignant vulva tumors occurred in 14 cases, 13 of those where diagnosed as invading planocellular carcinoma, and one of them was metastatic. Vulva carcinomas seem to occur most often at patients aged over 60.

Probiotics help to provde optimum balance in the intestines probiotics species competitive blocks toxics substances and growth of unwanted species in their struggle for space and food. Lactogyn is the first oral probiotics wich protects vaginal flora. The most researced probiotic is the Lactobacillus rhamnosssus. The goal of this study is to exam influence of probiotics to cytological smear test including: reliability for easier detection of atypical cells; false positive and false negative test; faster cytodiagnostic; incidence of invasive diagnostic procedures and incidence of intraepithelial and invasive changes of the lower genital tract. This study involved two groups of patient: the first one included 50 patients who has been taken specific probiotic therapy after taking cytological cervical smear test. The second one included 50 patients who has taken specific probiotic therapy before taking cytological cervical smear test. In the second group we discovered: statistically lover number od invasive diagnostic and therapeutic methods and statistically higher number of patients without invasive methods. It was statistical higher incidence of cytological smears with inflammations and ASCUS (atypical squamous cells undetermined significance) in the second group of patients. Lactogyn treatment with other medicament therapy provides: faster and better cytological diagnostic, decreases the number of cytological tests and invasive diagnostics methods per women, decreases the number of false positive and false negative tests and the percent of unsatisfactory tests and borderline satisfactory tests

It is obvious that outcome of the cerebral ischemia depends on many of the metabolic reactions that accompany circulatory disturbance, and forcaming neurochemical changes on the cellular level. Cerebral ischemia accompany changes in the neurotransmitters from the group of the biogenic amines, that influence a great deal whole chain of reactions that lead 66 cell to ultimate death. This processes ease up an enables distribution of the cascade reaction in ischemia leisure. To this should be added the fact, that cerebral infarct is followed with selective disturbance on hematoencephal level for 64. monoamines. It is obvious that cerebral infarct involves changes in metabolism of the central neurotransmitters. This changes could have either short or long term consequences on the ischemic process outcome. Therefore our aim in this study was to investigate the influence of the biogenic amines, serotonin and epinephrine as possible markers in estimation of the neural damage, outcome of the ischemic cerebral stroke and clinical presentation throughout correlation in changes of their concentration in liquor. Investigation included 40 patients on hospital treatment on Neurology Clinic of the CHC Pristina. During the follow up study, we estimated changes in concentration levels of the serotonin and epinephrine in liquor throughout different time intervals, correlating to the neurology status, encountering neuroradiology methods CT and MRof the brain, as a criteria in diagnosing acute ischemic cerebral stroke.

Periodontal diseases appear at the earliest age, they are progressive, long-lasting and if not treated lead to the loss of teeth in adults. By examining and identifying the frequency, range and severity of periodontium diseases, it is possible to evaluate the need for prevention and treatment of those affected with gingivitis and periodontophaty.The aim of the study is to determine the oral hygiene and periodontium status of the examined children in urban and rural areas. A total of 240 schoolchildren was examined. Significant presence of soft deposits was found in the examined children aged 12 and 15 years, disregarding the place of residence (IMN- 1.53 in town and IMN- 1.40 in the village). Calculus index values are significantly lower in the rural compared to the urban area for about 40% (0.26 in rural compared to 0.44 in urban area In relation to the place of residence (town-village), the status of the periodontium evaluated by CPTIN Index, shows that only 14.6% of the examined children need no treatment. Within the necessary treatment, 32.9% of the examinees need training in oral hygiene and 40.8% of them need removal of soft and hard deposits. Considering the recorded values from these two typical areas, it can be concluded that dental protection in these two regions has no significant influence on oral health. Thus, it is necessary to plan and conduct permanent prevention, early diagnosis and timely therapy.

Patients with epilepsy more often than healthy individual have cognitive disorders, what may be the result of different factors, among which significant place occupy the treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Topiramate is the new antiepileptic drug, which is related with high efficiency in the reduction seazures, and also whit high prevalention of cognitive adverse events. Purpose of our study is to clarify the role of depression in developing cognitive adverse events during therapy with topiramate in patients with refractory epilepsy. In the prospective stady we followed 40 adult patients with refractory epilepsy, which treatement took place on the Institute of neurology Clinical center of Serbia. All patients are neuropsychological tested twice. First time before the start of therapy with topiramate on basic antiepileptic therapy, and next time two months after the achieving of stable dose of 200mg/day. We used neuropsychological tests for evaluation attention, concentration, visual and verbal memory, speech, executive functions, divergent opinion and visual construction abilities. For estimate degree of depression we used Hamilton's scale of depression. Patients with the depressive manifestation had lower scores on cognitive tests in comparition to patients without the depression, before and after introductions topiramate. More the score of depression was larger, the scores of neuropsychological tests have been worse. Depression has bad influence on the cognitive functioning and her presence in the patients with epilepsy increases the risk from development of cognitive adverse events of topiramate.

The objectiv of this study were to evaluate the applicability of the methods of Tanaka and Johnston predictions to our population.60 dental study casts(30 male and 30 female patients)were used.The measured sum of the width of the permanent canine and premolars were compare with values obtained from Tanaka-Johnston formula.The method of Tanaka-Johnston were tended to exaggerate the actual sum of the lower permanent canine and premolars for male and female samples,with statistically significant differences.

Serious metabolic diseases and infections, such as sepsis, may lead to the occurrence of stress ulcers. Unfortunately, in our hospitals, the stress ulcer is often diagnosed as a separate disease, not as the manifestation of the existing stress status of the patient. Therefore, the goal of this pilot study was to establish the incidence of stress ulcers in sepsis patients treated at the Infective Disease Clinic. Patients treated at the Military Medical Academy Infective Disease Clinic during 4 month period, who experienced acute bleeding, verified gastroscopically, were subjected to retrospective analysis. Five out of 344 hospitalized patients had serious hemorrhages. Out of a total of 21 patients diagnosed with bacterial sepsis, acute gastric bleeding was verified gastroscopically in three, or 14.28 percent. To obtain more data, prospective long-term study, wich would include greater number of septic patients, should be conducted.

The existence of left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Heterogenous factors lead to left myocardial hypertrophy. The most frequently factors are: arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease (aortic stenosis and insufficiency, mitral insufficiency), hypertrophic myocardiopathy, left myocardial hypertrophy after myocardial infarction... For making the diagnosis of left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy used electrocardiography („voltage“ and „repolarization“ criteria) and echocardiography. Echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. Left ventricular mass was estimated by the modified formula 3 3 using measurements obtained in accordance with the Penn convention: MLK = 1,04 (LDDd+PWDd+IVSDd) - (LVDd) - 13,6 Where LDDd is diastolic left ventricular internal dimension, IVSDd is diastolic ventricular septal thickness and PWDd 2 is diastolic posterior left ventricular wall thickness in diastole. LV mass indexed by body surface area (g/m ). By Penn con2 2 vention left ventricular hypertrophy criteria were ≥134 g/m for men and ≥110 g/m for women.

Seronegative arthropathy represents group of rheumatic diseases which affects younger patients, more often male. Ocular findings are numerous such as conjunctivitis, iridocyclitis, and they are a part of extraarticular clinical manifestations. Acute anterior uveitis, as most common ocular manifestation, could be a sole or associated morbidity condition at the forme of systemic diseases.

Malignant tumors of the skin (MTS) are between the most common malignant tumors at human population. Because of their similarities, and more important, their dissimilarities, it is very important to determinate histophologycal type, grading and staging, because they are the most important factors of therapy choise and prognosis. The aim of our work was to examine those parameters, and also to define sex, age and locations distribution, as well as the value of surgical treatment. We analysed biopsy material of Institute of pathology, Medical faculty Priština from 2004-2007. year. We found that squamocellular carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and malignant melanoma (MM) were more common at older persons, about 2x more common at male, little bit younger at persons with BCC and MM than SCC. The most common location was skin face; at persons with SCC and BCC significant more common than on all other skin locations. SCC was more common below, and BCC was more common on skin face above imagine line from tragus to the same side lips corner. Average size was about 1,5 cm, and macroscopic they were ulcerous, verrucous and infitrative. Invasive SCC was diagnosed in 2/3 cases in the most early stadium. In opposite MM was diagnosed in late stadium in majority cases. Moderate inflammatory infiltrate was found in most cases of all MTS. MTS was adequate removed in the most part cases.

An anonimous poll was conducted, which included pharmacists employed in state and private pharmacies from Novi Sad, Backa Palanka, Bac, Temerin and Odžaci (South Backa district). The group polled was a representative sample compared to the overall pharmacists number. The poll was conducted due to the fact that routine health statistics does not provide enough representative data on drug accessibility to patients and to try to answer how administrative limits interfere with the choice of medicaments. Obtained results suggest that the biggest problem is the lack of A list medicaments, so the patients are forced to buy medicaments in private pharmacies or even in the neighboring countries. The majority of the pharmacists polled are of the opinion that the participation in state pharmacies is low. There are no significant differences in the opinion of the pharmacists from both state and private pharmacies concerning the medicament consumption, both groups are of the opinion that we are facing excessive medicament consumption, above the real need.

By the investigation it was attempted to explain the fear in adolescents from stomatological treatment, by appraisement of fear through its two components (congnitive and motorical). Congnitive component was followed by means of question mark before first stomatologican intervention (by the standard scale of general anxiety). In the research participated 100 adolescents. On the basis of analysis of question-marks, examinees were distributed into three groups: normal, pathological and increasingly anxious. On the occasion of third stomatological intervention, the patients obtained placebo (vitamine C, half tablet, orally, 30 minutes before the initiation of stomatological interventions which were identical, i.e. the sanation of deep caries has been carried out). The motorical component (entering the dentist's office, sitting down in a dentis chair and tonning of muscles) were appraised by the method of clinical observations. All parameters were measured before all three stomatological interventions. In this study, in parameters measured by clinical observation the number of questioned people who enter and sit down voluntarily, has increased and the number of people who are showing the signs of tension and who shiver has decreased, at using of placebo therapy.

20.161 women were delivered at Kosovska Mitrovica maternity ward in the period of 1992-2001. Out of this, in 1.648 cases Caesarean section had been performed, which means that the frequency of this surgical process was 8.17%. The percent of the Caesarean section is in growth every year starting from 1997, but it has reached its maximum of 20 % in this year. In the year of 2000, 44.90% of pregnant women who had Caesarean section done were from serbian enclaves. In the year of 2001 that percent is even bigger and it reaches 58%. Every second pregnant woman who had surgical operation was from serbian enclaves in the last two years. It can be pointed out that more than a half of pregnant women who had surgical operation were in the age of 19-25. As a conclusion, we can say that 8.17% of Caesarean section is absolutely well in the period of ten years, but we were not satisfied with the great number of Caesarean section in the last two years.

Alpha lipoic acid is the most efficient of all known antioxidants for its lipo and hydrosolubility which enable easy penetrability in cytoplasm making its protection of free reactive radicals, energetic metabolism, regulation of genetic expresion etc. It has wide application in prevention and in therapy of diabetic angiopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative disease, lesion, (insufficiency) of liver, HIV, intoxication with hard metals, mycotoxins etc. An important proprety of lipoic acid is its possibility to prevent or remove lesions which are caused by application aminogycosides and haloperidol (ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity) according to its wide application. R isomer of lipoic acid is physiological substance presented in organism which synthesize in in liver enabling its its application in relatively high dose for a longer period of time.

The process of multipotential lymphatic stem cell maturation and differentiation into immunocompetent T cells is accomplished by the expression and deletion of specific surface CD antigens. The CFU-Lstem cells enter the medulla of the thymus via a post capillary venule and then migrate to the periphery of the thymic lobule. The presence of CD2 and CD7 molecules on the cell surface indicates an early stage of differentiation. This is followed by expression of the CD1 molecule, indicating the midstage of Tcell differentiation. As maturation progresses, the cells express TCRs, CD3, CD4, and CD8 molecules. It seems that intensity of interreacion between TCR/co receptor molecule complex and self peptide/MHC complex determine the outcome of the thymocite selection process. If the lymphocyte recognizes self MHC and self or foreign antigen, it will survive the selection (positive selection); if not, death of the cell will occur. Cells that pass the positive selection test leave the cortex and enter the medulla. Here they undergo another selection process in which cells directed to selfantigen displayed by self MHC are eliminated (negative selection). Cells that survive that selection then become either cytotoxic CD8+ Tlymphocytes or helper CD4+ Tlymphocytes.

Women in the age of 70 years admitted to the hospital in severe condition, 4 months after transvaginal hysterectomy. Physical examinaton revealed small bowel loops passing through the anus into the auter spaces. Previous surgery was as follows: Hysterctomia totalis vaginalis, conservatio adnexorum bill, colpoperineoplastica cum myorraphiam mm. levatores any, vaginopexia sacrospinalis sec. Nichols pp. prolapsus utery totalis am. n 4. On that occasion the anterior wall of rectosygmoid colon was damageden size 70x50 mm by that time. The lesions was neither noted nor repaired during. Postoperativne course was uneventful. After 4 mounths, during phisical strain patient felt sudden pain in abdomen, need for passing the bowels, noting the passage of the intestines through the annal appertura immediate reoperation was undertaken. Through medial infraumbilical approad small intestine was mannualy repositioned the lesion of the large intestine was managed by primary suttures Vicryl 000. Drainage of peritoneum performed. Postoperative course un univentful. Intestinal function restored. Wound healed correctly, per primam.

Alkaptonuria is one of 4 disorders originally defined as an inborn error of metabolism. The hallmark of the disease is passage of urine that becomes black when left standing. There is a familial pattern of inheritance. The defect lies in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine. The product, homogentisic acid, in deficiency of the hepatic enzyme homogentisate 1,2- dioxygenase (HGO) accumulates in the blood, but is rapidly cleared in the kidney and excreted. Upon contact with air, homogentisic acid is oxidized to form a pigmentlike polymeric material responsible for the black color of standing urine. Although homogentisic acid blood levels are kept very low through rapid kidney clearance, over time homogentisic acid is deposited in cartilage throughout the body and is converted to the pigmentlike polymer through an enzyme-mediated reaction that occurs chiefly in collagenous tissues. As the polymer accumulates within cartilage, a process that takes many years, the normally transparent tissues become slate blue, an effect ordinarily not seen until adulthood. The earliest sign of the disorder is the tendency for diapers to stain black.. but in most cases desease is hardly diagnosed before the fourth decade of life, external signs of pigment deposition, called ochronosis, begin to appear. The slate blue, gray, or black discoloration of sclerae and ear cartilage is indicative of widespread staining of the body tissues, particularly cartilage. The hips, knees, and intervertebral joints are affected most commonly and show clinical symptoms resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Because of calcifications that occur in these sites, however, the radiologic picture is more consistent with osteoarthritis.