In regulation of specific immune responses the most important role play interleukin-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inter feron- (INF- ), transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) and lymphotoxin (LT). These signal molecules are produced mainly by T-lymphocytes after recognition of foreign antigens by specific receptors (TCR) placed on plasmalema. Some of mentioned cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various lymphocyte populations in the activation phase of T cell-de pendent immune responses, while the others activate and regulate the function of specialized effector cells, such as mono nuclear phagocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, to eliminate antigens in the effector phase of immune responses. In con trast to most of cytokines which have stimulating action on an initiation and course of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, TGF- has an inhibitory effect on the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes and the other leukocyts
D.A. C. Impairment of host-versus-graft reaction in pregnant mice. II. Selective suppression of cytotoxic T-cell response. Journal of Immunology. 146(5):1406–10.
2.
O. Y, T. I, H N. Chemokines in immunity. Advances in Immunology. 78:57–110.
3.
Bubanović I. Crossroads of extrathymic lymphocytes maturation pathways. Medical Hypotheses. 61(2):235–9.
4.
R.M. L, N. K, M.J L. The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell. 104:487–501.
5.
D.A. C. Decidua associated suppressor cells in abortion-prone DBA/2J mice that release bioactive transforming growth factor beta2-related immunosuppressive molecules express a bone marrow-derived natural suppressor cell marker and gamma delta T-cell receptor. Biology of Reproduction. 56(5):1351–60.
6.
Bubanović I. Origin of anti-tumor immunity failure in mammals and new possibilities for immunotherapy. Medical Hypotheses. 60(2):152–8.
7.
R. DK. T cells in human decidua. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 168:831–6.
8.
J.A. B. Repertoire development and ligand specificity of murine TCR gamma delta cells. Immunological Reviews. 120:5–10.
9.
B. S. Transforming growth factor-beta(1), -beta(2), -beta(3) and their type I and II receptors in human term placenta. Gynecology and Obstetrics Investigation. 50(1):19–23.
10.
A. P. Lack of interferon gamma receptor beta chain and the prevention of interferon gamma signaling in TH1 cells. Science. 269(5221):245–7.
11.
J.T. C. The costimulatory effect of IL-18 on the induction of antigen-specific IFN-gamma production by resting T cells is IL-12 dependent and is mediated by up-regulation of IL-12 receptor beta2 subunit. European Journal of Immunology. 30(4):1113–9.
12.
A.E. KW, E.M. H, M.R. B, A.D K. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling connections maps. Science. 300(5625):1527–8.
13.
T.J. W. Fetal and neonatal IL-13 production during pregnancy and at birth and subsequent development of atopic symptoms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 105(5):951–9.
14.
K. H. Enhancement of human basophile histamine release by interleukin 5. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 172(5):1525–8.
15.
Takatsu K. Cytokines involved in B-cell differentiation and their sites of action. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 215(2):121–33.
16.
Takatsu K. Interleukin 5 and B cell differentiation. Cytokine Growth Factor Reviews. 9(1):25–35.
17.
I. B, B. K, S N. Immunobiological aspects of pregnancy.
18.
F. P. Interleukin-2 prevention of apoptosis in human neutrophils. European Journal of Immunology. 24(2):440–4.
19.
J.Y. D. Regulation of monocytes by IL-2-activated killer cells. Immunologic Series. 61:75–82.
20.
F. P. An efficient Th2-type memory follows CD8+ lymphocyte-driven and eosinophil-mediated rejection of a spontaneous mouse mammary adenocarcinoma engineered to release IL-4. Journal of Immunology. 153(12):5659–73.
21.
C.S. H. Interleukin-2 augments natural killer cell activity. Nature. 291(5813):335–8.
22.
C.S. H. Cytotoxic responses: the regulatory influence of interleukin-2. Transplant Proceedings. 14(3):565–9.
23.
T. I. IL-4 down-regulates IL-2 receptor p75 by accelerating its endocytosis. International Immunology. 3(6):517–25.
24.
M. K. The third molecule associated with interleukin-2 receptor alpha and beta chain. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 184(3):1288–92.
25.
J.N I. The Stat family in cytokine signaling. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 13:211–7.
26.
K.A S. Interleukin-2. Current Opinion in Immunology. 4(3):271–6.
27.
C.A. D. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest. 118(2):503–8.
28.
E. B, R. C, G S. Immunology, a short course.
29.
V.S A. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in the immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2:410–6.
30.
A.K. A, A.H L. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. :326–43.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
