Scientific researches considering the effects of glucagon on cardiovascular system show that glucagon has a certain cardiostimulative potential. The fact that glucagon accomplishes its cardiostimulative effects by activating its own, highly specific glucagonic receptors is of most importance. That's the reason why we've wanted to give more details about the effects that glucagon has on cardiovascular system in terms of having more precise image of its effects on hemodynamics and changes which can be seen on electrocardiogram. The experiment included six dogs treated with intravenous glucagon injection. Electrocardiograph and hemodynamic parameters (middle arterial pressure, central venous pressure and heart st nd rd th th th th th frequency) have been recorded in 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 30 and 40 minute. Electrocardiograph and heart frequency have been recorded by continuous monitoring. Middle arterial pressure has been recorded through catheter placed into a. femoralis while central venous pressure has been recorded through central venous catheter placed into v. femoralis. Having received the intravenous injection, glucagon shows extremely positive chronotropic effect, followed by ephemeral increase of middle arterial pressure, while central venous pressure has a significant decrease. Having received intravenous injection, P-R, Q-Tand T-Pinterval have been significantly shorten.

A combination of aspirin and ticlopidine has been proven to reduce the frequency of haemorrhagic and vascular complications after coronary artery stenting. Also, ticlopidine is often associated with hyperbilirubinemia and abnormal liver function test values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlations between biochemical variables (serum total cholesterol levels, total bilirubin concentration, serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine- ALT and aspartate- AST aminotransferases) of aspirin and ticlopidine administered alone and in combination. The experiment was conducted on white laboratory rats, type Wistar. Thirty-two rats were divided in four groups and they received one of the following treatments for three days: group I - control, saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.); group II - aspirin (50 mg/kg/day i.p.); group III - ticlopidine (125 mg/kg/day i.p.) and group IV - aspirin+ticlopidine combination (50 mg/kg/day+125 mg/kg/day i.p.). Biochemical variables were determined at once after taking the sample of blood. Relationship between two measured variables was determined by calculating linear correlation coefficient (r). Between total cholesterol level and AST activity in control group of rats was noticed negative and low correlation (r=-0,27); in group treated with aspirin negative, high and significant correlation (r=-0,86); in group treated with ticlopidine negative and low correlation (r=-0,24); and in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination positive, high and significant correlation (r=0,79). Between other investigated variables were not noticed significant correlation in all treated groups. Based on obtained results it can be noticed that negative correlation between serum total cholesterol level and AST activity in control, aspirin and ticlopidine groups becomes positive and significant only after the treatment with aspirin+ticlopidine combination.

The increased protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is among most prominent biochemical parameter of intensified passage of macromolecules through blood-brain barrier. It is often found in cases of meningeal inflammation, neurodegeneration, neoplastic and traumatic processes developed on brain or spinal cord structures. Protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is often determined, but determination of albumin concentrations as well as mathematical models utilizing albumin are more reflective to the pathologic processes on the brain and spinal cord. Our study was limited to the determination of referent values for our laboratory for cerebrospinal fluid albumin concentrations, albumin quotient, as well as albumin transudat and exudat in the function of the age of probands. The results of the study show great agreement with previously published data.

Alpha lipoic acid is the most efficient of all known antioxidants for its lipo and hydrosolubility which enable easy penetrability in cytoplasm making its protection of free reactive radicals, energetic metabolism, regulation of genetic expresion etc. It has wide application in prevention and in therapy of diabetic angiopathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative disease, lesion, (insufficiency) of liver, HIV, intoxication with hard metals, mycotoxins etc. An important proprety of lipoic acid is its possibility to prevent or remove lesions which are caused by application aminogycosides and haloperidol (ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity) according to its wide application. R isomer of lipoic acid is physiological substance presented in organism which synthesize in in liver enabling its its application in relatively high dose for a longer period of time.

The process of multipotential lymphatic stem cell maturation and differentiation into immunocompetent T cells is accomplished by the expression and deletion of specific surface CD antigens. The CFU-Lstem cells enter the medulla of the thymus via a post capillary venule and then migrate to the periphery of the thymic lobule. The presence of CD2 and CD7 molecules on the cell surface indicates an early stage of differentiation. This is followed by expression of the CD1 molecule, indicating the midstage of Tcell differentiation. As maturation progresses, the cells express TCRs, CD3, CD4, and CD8 molecules. It seems that intensity of interreacion between TCR/co receptor molecule complex and self peptide/MHC complex determine the outcome of the thymocite selection process. If the lymphocyte recognizes self MHC and self or foreign antigen, it will survive the selection (positive selection); if not, death of the cell will occur. Cells that pass the positive selection test leave the cortex and enter the medulla. Here they undergo another selection process in which cells directed to selfantigen displayed by self MHC are eliminated (negative selection). Cells that survive that selection then become either cytotoxic CD8+ Tlymphocytes or helper CD4+ Tlymphocytes.

It is argued that the easy availability and widespread use of highly hazardous organophosphate compounds (OPC) is the most important reason for this high number of poisoning. In this study socio pediatrics aspects of children¢s acute intoxications OPC were investigated.Data collected included age, gender, time, rout of åxposure, place of accident, first aid before admission. Àll were do to accidental event attempted suicide cases. Acute OP poisoning is a the important cause of morbidity and mortality and represent serious condition that needs rapid diagnosis and tretman because. Therapy should be started as early as possible beginning from primary and secondary level so undesirable consequences can be avoided.

Changes in the heart and blood vessels are one of the major complications that substantially contribute to morbidity and mortality of patients with systemic diseases of connective tissue.All anatomical structures of the heart can be affected by pathological process and noted the multiple pathogenic mechanism leading to changes in pericard (thickening of leaves, calcification, pericardial outburst), atrial and ventricular arrhythmia, disorders of implementation, changes in heart failure in terms of whiskered or stenosis, myocardial ischemia and heart failure. The aim was also to test the registration of the most common heart rhythm disorder and implementation as well as changes in the ST segment and T wave of electrocardiogram of patients with systemic diseases of connective tissue. The study involved 70 patients in two groups. The first group was 50 patients with systemic disease of connective tissue, and the second control group of 20 patients with lumbal syndrome. Electrocardiographic changes were observed in 38(54,3%) respondents. Observed by groups of patients with connective tissue diseases were registered in 35 (70%) and in the control group in 3 (15%) patients with a statistically significant difference (p<0,01). Statistically significant difference was noted in the appearance of ventricular premature complex, changes in ST segment and T wave.

It is known that arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis has an unfavorable impact of dialysis patients but their exact role in the development of heart failure was not clear enough. The paper presents a patient who is on chronic hemodialysis program is nine years, in which there was a clear clinical symptoms and signs of heart weakness, probably aided by a pronounced flow through arteriovenous fistula. Left ventricular hypertrophy due to volume of arteriovenous fistula, is not the only reason for the emergence of global heart failure.

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a slowly progressive dementia characterized by an early onset of visual agnosia, followed by components of Balint's syndrome, Gerstmann's syndrome, and transcortical sensory aphasia. The most striking neuropsychological feature of the syndrome is the dissociation between prominent visuspatial disfunction and relatively preserved memory, personality and insight. PCA is a rare syndrome. Autopsied brains of PCA patients have shown a neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PCA is not just AD with prominent visual deficits but a distinct clinical syndrome. Neuropsychological examination is fundamental for the diagnosis. It is very important to assess visuspatial functions. Here we present a case of slowly progressive dementia with visuspatial disturbances and apraxia but relatively preserved memory functions, personality and insight.

A characteristic hemodynamic pattern has observed in patients with right ventricular infarction, with frequently accompanies inferior left ventricular infarction or rarely occurs in isolated form. The electrocardiogram may provide the first clue that right ventricular involvement is present in the patient with inferior wall myocardial infarction. Most patients with right ventricular infarction have ST- segment elevation in lead V4R (right precordial lead in V4 position). ST segment elevation of 0,1mV or more in anyone or in combination of leads V4R, V5R, and V6R in patients with the clinical picture of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of right ventricular MI.