Many researchers and clinical doctors have realized that spirometric tests, as well as the resistance of airways, could be within the normal limits at people who have clear signs of bronchitis (coughing, expectoration and lighter disphnoe). Very often, especially among smokers, they have found discrepancy between the functional tests' results and clinical symptoms, although they could expect to find minor lungs' diseases within this group of people. Obstructive lesions in small airways are very often present at smokers older than 40 years, whose lungs are macroscopically normal, and who do not show clinical signs of the obstructive lung disease ('asymptomatic smokers'). The aim of the paper was to find which test, among the most often-used tests for the functional research of the respiratory system, represented the best indicator of the initial obstructive changes localized in small airways. The research study included 50 asymptomatic smokers (34 male and 16 female) ranging from 44 to 57 years. The results of the achieved FVC were at normal level, at all examinees. Out of 50 examinees, asymptomatic smokers, there was one examinee (2%) with the lower level of FEV , while at two examinees 1 (4%) lower levels of SRt and MEF were found. Significantly lower levels of the measured MEF were found among 50%FVC 25%FVC 16 asymptomatic smokers (32%). Such a functional result, i.e. a decrease of MEF while the levels of FVC, FEV , Rt, 25%FVC 1 SRt and MEF are normal, accompanied by a long-lasting smoking case-history with less expressed symptoms, points at 50%FVC the existence of the obstructive disorders localized in the periphery parts of the bronchial tree (small airways). The registration of the flow/volume curve and its analysis might be used as a test even more sensitive than spirometry and body pletizmografy; as a test it can be used for a diagnosis of initial obstructive difficulties in small airways, in other words, it could diagnose the small airways disease.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy is a major cardiovascular risk factor in hemodialysis patients.The present study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy by doppler echocardiography in hemodialysis patients. Methods: We studied 20 patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Dialysis Centre in Kosovska Mitrovioca. LV mass was measured by both Doppler echocardiography. Left ventricular mass was estimated by the modified formula using measure2 ments obtained in accordance with the Penn convention. Left ventricular mass was divided by body surface area in m to obtain the left ventricular mass index. Results:This clinical observation study involved 20 patients (9 males and 11 females) with end-stage renal diseases undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with a mean age of 55,26 years, mean time on dialysis was 38,74 months. Main causes for developing chronic renal failure was arterials hypertension and polycystic kidney. Arterial hypertension (60%), diabetes mellitus (20%) and hyperholesterolemia (10%), were the most frequent risk factors for cardiovascular disease among the dialysis patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy were detected in 14 (70%) patients. Mean left ventricular mass wass 153,62g/m2 (males), and 142,71 g/m2 (females). To conclude, the present study shows that hemodialysis patients have higher left ventricular mass and higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy.

The most important characteristic of calcium channels is a selective regulation of a slow incoming current of calcium into the tissue cells with tendency of a slow growth of the action potential. Such tissues include smooth muscles of the blood vessels, cardiocities and hearth noduses (AVand SAnode). Different calcium antagonists have different influences on the mentioned tissues, because they also have different chemical components. Verapamil, Nifedipin and Diltiazem have the most common usage. Verapamil is a product of papaverine, nifedipin is a product of dehydroperidine while diltiazem is a product of benzodiazepine. Their common characteristic is blocking the calcium channels which cause blood vessels vasodilatation, negative inotropic and negative chronotropic influence. By blocking calcium to enter through channels spores of miofibrile smooth muscles, calcium antagonists are reducing the amount of available calcium for contraction, which causes vasodilatation. One of the best-known and the commonest calcium antagonist is verapamil. In electrophysiological terms, it inhibits action potential of the heart noduses (especially AV node), where the most important thing for depolarisation, is a slow entrance of calcium. By extending the refractory period of SA node, it reduces the frequency of impulse generation (heart frequency), while by extending the refractory period of AVnode, it slows down the work of chambers in cases of flater and atrium fibrillation. Taking into consideration the fact that verapamil shows cardiodepresive effects, the aim of our work is to study closely its effects on electrocardiogram and hemodynamic parameters. The experiment was conducted on six adult, healthy dogs which were, after 10 minutes 0,9% NaCl infusion, treated with i.v. bolus verapamil injections on every 5 minutes until the appearance of intoxication signs, which causes bradycardia, heart rhythm disorder and the fall of arterial blood pressure. The average verapamil dose was 4 mg per kilogram. After i.v. verapamil administration, heart frequency and middle arterial pressure have a significant fall, while central venous pressure has a significant rise. Larger verapamil doses nd rd can significantly extend T-P and P-R interval with the appearance of AV-block (2 and 3 grade), while the Q-T interval doesn't show any significant change.

Conclusion about efficacious of some medication can be given based on reducing morbidity and mortality in patients treated with that medication.. Aim of this work was to estimate intrahospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), role of myocardial reinfarction in that and side effects of medications in patients who were different treated in initial phase of AMI, based on what they were separated in three different therapeutic groups: group treated with thrombolytic therapy, group treated with beta-blockers and group treated with nitrates. It was shown that intrahospital mortality is highest in patients treated with nitrates but there was not significant difference between thera-peutic groups in frequency of myocardial reinfarction while frequency of complications and side effects were in range as in others similar studies.

The Early Warning Score is a simple physiological scoring system that can be calculated at the patient's bedside, using parameters which are mesured in the majority of unwell patients. Patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest often have abnormal clinical observations documented prior to the arrest. Study objestives:This study assesses wheather these patients have less favourable outcome following in-hospital cardiac arrest. Matherials and the methods:For the present study, the patients' hospital charts were reviewed to identify possible abnormal observations within 8 h prior to the arrest. Results: From the total of 100 patients who sufferd in-hospital cardiac arrest, 64 patients had documentation of vital signs and 9 patients had no documentation of vital signs. Of the patients with documented vital signs 27 (29,7%) had normal vital signs and 64 (70,3%) had abnormal observations. Among these 64 patients the distribution was as follows: 17 patients (13,1%) had respiatory rate below 8 or over 20 per min, 40 (30,8%) had puls rate below 40 or over 140 beats per min, 20 patients (15,4%) had systolic arterial blood pressure below 90 or over 200 mmHg, 5 (3,7%) had temperature (˚C) below 36,1 or over 37,9 ˚C, 20 (15,4%) had oxygen saturation below 90%, 14 (10,8%) had decrease in consciousness and 14 (10,8%) had urine output below 50 ml/2hours). Compared with patients whose EWS were 0-2 (ОR 1,2; 95% CI: 0,935-1,507) patients with EWS 3 or more were 6,5 times more likely to die in first 24 hours (OR: 7,8; 95% CI: 1,205-50,205). Conclusions:Patients with documented clinically abnormal observations prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest have a worse outcome than those without. The main implication of these is that these patients need to be identified in time thereby possibly avoiding arrest. This can also be used when assessing the prognosis of in-hospital patients after achieved ROSC.

In the most prosperous countries, cerebrovascular diseases takes the high third leading position in mortality rate of the population, therefore justifying the name of a ,,mass killer,, speaking of which, its incidence represents un important not only medical but and socially economic problem (only 2-20% sick ones are able to continue with its previous work) Cerebral stroke incidence is 150-200 cases on 100000 persons per year (1). Taking in consideration all the mentioned, we took as the goal of the study, to investigate the impact of the factors at risk, in ethiopatogenesis of the cerebral stroke. Our study was carried out on 40 patients with acute cerebral stroke hospitalized on the Neurology Clinic, KBC Prishtina. Follow up of the factors at risk in atherosclerosis development included: cholesterol, HDLi LDLtriglycerides level in sera, blood and liquor glucoses, glucoses consuming index-IIGM. Descriptive values of the atherosclerosis index also, and the rate of the premorbid illness as the very important factors in development of the cerebral infarct.

The psychotropic drug addiction is steadily increasing in the subpopulation of the young generation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the degree of psychoticism as a disintegrating personality phenomenon. Psychoticism comprises elements of autism, insensitiveness, aggression, asocialisation. This irregularity in cognitive processes was tested on three groups of people: politoxicomaniacs, psychotic patients and a control group. The DELTA test reported convincingly raised dimensions on the scale of psychoticism: general executive functions (GEI), schyzotypical behaviour (SHD) , paranoia (P), and depression (D), as crucial factors not only for developing addiction but also for achieving long - term and stable abstinence. Apilot study retesting of abstinent persons, has confirmed, after a year's treatment, the change in their behaviour ( by improving all the results on DELTAscale of psychoticism).

Artrial hypertension is a very serious social-medical probleme as such has an epidemic characteristics according to high prevalence at incidence frequency disease of young, a high death rate, there is also a somewhat difficult erly diagnosis at the early stages of illnes due to unspecified clinical examination in majority of diseased. On the basis of etiology, arterial hypertension is divived into: primary (essential) and secondary (symptomatologic). According to the current criteria, primary arterial hypertension is considered to be all the cases where etiology cannot identify only the cause or a specific structural change in a organ. It instead causes a larger number of etiological factors by their group actions which are called risk factors.Including the secondary hypertension all cases at arterial hypertension are classified und there can be seen a specific structural change in an organ and disorder of it's function. The aim of our work was to determinate which were the familiar risk factors in development of arterial hypertension and it's domination to inhabitants of Zubin Potok considering high prevalence of arterial hypertension out of 6500 inhabitants in the infirmary of Zubin Potok, 2450 patients are registrated with arterial hypertension. Examination is performed to 100 patients with primary arterial hypertension by prospectus analysis which are registrated consecutively in the interval of two months by biochemicals parametars, a height of systolic and dyastolic arterial pressure and BMI. By means of questionnaire the rest of risk factors are gathered with a piece of data smoking, alchoholism and stress. During the examination we determined that the most typics risk factor is disorder of metabolism of lypoproteins, and important pathothysiological mechanism in development of arterial hypertension is reduction of HDLcholesterol, which can be one of indirect indentifier of oxidative stress.

Nowdays, reaction time is most often used in data processing as a quantitative method and technique for information step and speed processing. The aim of this investigation was to examine everyday work pressure on reaction time nd among students. An examination included 30 students of 2 year of Medicine Faculty 15 males and 15 females. Audible and visual simple reaction time as well as choice reaction time for 2, 4 and 6 stimuli was used for reaction time measurement. Measurements were done three times a day. Achieved results acknowledge statistically significant improvement of reaction time at noon compared to reaction time in the morning in all samples except for visual simple reaction time for male students. For all kinds of stimuli, reaction time were significantly prolonged in the evening in both groups. Therefore, we have concluded that morning activities had positive impact on students functional condition but afternoon activities acted like an additional stress that altered students latent fatigue to clearly observable acute fatigue.

Aim of this study was to determine characteristics and correlation between basic anthropometric and spirometric parameters in athletes of different sports and non sportsmen. Measurements were conducted on 140 male and female athletes: volleyball, basketball, soccer, handball players, runners, VESLACI and 60 non sportsmen, 30 female and 30 male. All measurements were conducted in the Laboratory for functional diagnostics at the Department of Physiology, Medical School, Novi Sad. BMI values were normal for all athletes except in handball players, whose average BMI was 25.70+/-2.35 2 kg/m . Average values of body fat percent (BF %) were significantly higher in female athletes, the lowest values were measured in female runners (determined by both methods anthropometry, bioimpedance), while in the group of male athletes the highest body fat was found in basketball players. Statisticaly significant gender difference was found for all anthropometric parameters. Athletes have significantly lower values of BMI and BF% compared to non sportsmen, and males compared to females. Those gender differences are the result of sex determined diferences in body fat distribution, and different length of sports activities. BMI is not a good predictor of body fat content in athletes, because it's high values indicates masculinity rather than fatness. Spirometric parameters show significantly higher values in athletes of both sexes, because ventilatory function is expected as an effect of chronic adaptation on training. Correlation differences between anthropometric and spirometric parameters can be explained by the age differences in our participants and the length of their sports activities.

The fractures of the tibia are mainly the fractures of the long bones. In the department of the orthopedic in Kosovska Mitrovica, 45 of patient with fracture of the lower leg had been treated with using the closed method. It had been the linear fractures in the 84% of the treated cases.The most number of the patients were treated in the hospital for 5 days. In our healing we are noticed the folowed complications in the treated patients: the major infections around the pin were in the 4% of the treated patients (2 patients),the fat embolism were in the 2% of the treated patients (1 patient),the pseudoarthrosis were in the 4% of the treated patients (2 patients). Aplication the extrafocal fixat r by Mitkovich using the closed method made possible that the fracture became stable in fast and simply way with the minnor invasion at the soft tissues and with this are made the conditions for splicing of the fractures.

The aim of this study was to identify main epidemiological risk factors for the Leptospirosis at territory of Serbia. The cross sectional study was used as epidemiological method during investigation. During period of 2000-2006. Leptospirosis affected 211 people, while 14 of them died as a consequence of this illness in Serbia. Number of patients with Leptospirosis was almost equal at the territory of Central Serbia and Vojvodina region, while at Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohija there was no single case of sickness. Most of the affected patients were working people, males between 20 and 60 years old (97%) with higher risk factor for contamination with disease determined by their profession (farmers, fishermen, veterinarians. Seasonal character of illness (most of the affected in August) was caused by increased exposition to Leptospirosis in summer time (swallowing of contaminated water during swimming and diving, small wounds on skin etc)

Breast cancer is mostfreqency malignant tumor in womans, cardinal causer of death in malignant tumots with continous ascendig of incidence and mortality. Actual therapy of breast cancer is multidisclipinary to consist in surgical, irradiant, cytostatic, hormonal and imunological therapy with specific directive based in disease stage. Surgical therapy is now more effectiveness metod of therapy and base of multidisclipinary therapy. In aim of prognosis desease conclusion and risk ratio of local relapse in currency is prognostic factors. With combination a few factors derive prognostic indexes with whose can acquire more information aggainst biologic behaviour of each neoplasm.

An anonymous poll was conducted, targeting medics in health institutions in the area of Novi Sad, Bačka Palanka, Bač, Temerin and Odžak (south Bačka region). Doctors involved in this survey are representative sample of the total population. Aim of the survey was to analyse drugs prescription and use in modern medicine, as well as to determine the extent of compliance of general medicine doctors with modern pharmacotherapy requirements. Results show that more than a half of doctors feel that the positive list corresponds to real needs, and that the price of medicaments and participation is low. Also, they believe that the drug consumption exceeds real needs. The high percent of medics does not have sufficient knowledge of the modern pharmacotherapy attitude towards the certain drugs use, which demonstrates the lack of continuing education in the field.

One of the paradoxes of life on the Earth is that, on one side, oxygen is necessary for living of aerobic organisms. On the other side, increased contrencations of oxygen and especially its reactive metabolites (reactive oxygen species) may lead to the development of number diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, ischemia-reperfusion injury, coronary atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cancer genesis, as well as in the aging process (1, 2,3). Amajor source of free radicals in biological systems is molecular oxygen (O2). By interacting with fundamental cell structures and biomolecules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to the development of many pathophysiological disorders (4,5). Active principles from plant family Lamiaceae (flavonoids and phenolic compounds, polyphenols), like plant Mellitis melisophillum, may act as new potential antioxidants.

Epileptic status is one of the most urgent conditions in medicine, whose positive outcome is directly dependent of adequate treatment. The estimation of epileptic status incidence is not available. According to population studies, the incidence varies from 16 to 18 at a sample of 100000 people. The status treatment consists of a line of procedures whose goal is to stop it in as little time as possible. Medication therapy is the basis of it, and it is needed that intravenous medications are used urgently in an adequate dose, at an adequate speed (intravenous burden dose), with an adequate symptomatic therapy and correction of eventual provocation status factors. General medications used to initially treat the status are benzodiazepines, fenitoin and fenobarbiton. Randomized studies have shown that lorazepam has pharmacokinetic advantages over diazepam and that it doesn't initiate respiratory depression as often as midazolam. Also, it is more efficient than fenitoin, and more efficient than fenobarbiton. Medication treatment is confirmed to be efficient at breaking the status at nearly all of the patients, but the final outcome depends on the initial cause. If the status cannot be ended by application of conventional doses of basic medications, then a refractory status may be discussed. It may be treated by a prolonged anesthesia using barbiturates, midazolam or lorazepam.

Modulation of potassium channels is a recent modern approach to experimental and clinical investigation of potential better tocolytic medications. Assuming that potassium channels are by far the largest category of cellular ion channels, they are of crucial importance for the regulation of uterine smooth muscle tone. In the vast category of potassium channels, Maxi-K and BKCa (highly conductive, calcium-activated channels) are considered the main channels in the myometrium. It is believed that those have a key role in the modulation of uterine contractility and the homeostasis of myometrial calcium. The total number of Maxi-K channels is doubled during the onset of labor, compared to their number in pregnant and non-pregnant myometrium. We also keep getting more familiar with the characterization and control of myometrial potassium channels. Certain effects of pharmacological potassium channel modulators in isolated parts of both human and animal, both pregnant and non-pregnant myometrium will be presented in this article. Even though there have been a lot of studies on this subject, not many of them mentioned the role and modulation of potassium channels during human labor. We are still looking for the substances that will perform best in the treatment of possible miscarriages and early labor; although the use of beta sympathomimetics and calcium channel antagonists has been a major breakthrough in treatment of these pregnancy disorders. Using new tocolytic medications and a selective approach to cases of early labor, along with the use of other adequate measures, could improve the treatment of early labor in the future.

Endometrial carcinoma is still one of the most common malignant tumor of the female genital system in the most industrialized countries. Endometrial cancer is due to 3,9% of all female malignant tumors. The occurence of endometrial cancer varies with age. In 75% of all cases endometral carcinoma tipically occurs in postmenopausal women, with the highest incidence between 50 and 59 year. The high frequence of endometrial carcinoma in younger age is also found in women with ovarian estrogen-secreting tumors. About 10% of all endometrial carcinomas also in association with a genetic predisposition, but the most cases of endometrial carcinomas are sporadic. The most important prognostic factors for endometral carcinomas are: clinical stage, age, histopathological type and grade, as wel as hormonal receptors. Younger nulliparous women with early detected well-diferentiated endometrial carcinoma are usually treated by high doses of progesterone. Older women with endometrial carcinoma are usually treated by hysterectomy. Administration of postoperative radiation and chemiotherapy depends on clinical stage.

Helical ventricula myocardial bend of Torrent-Guasp is the revolutionary new concept in understanding global, three-dimansional, functional architecture of the ventricular myocardium. Anatomy of the VMB, and recent proofs for its segmental electrical and mechanical activation, undoubtedly indicates that ventricular filling is the consequente of an active muscular contraction. Specific septal arrangment of the ascedent segments fibers, their interaction with adjacent descedent segment fibers, elastic elements and intracavitary blood volumen explein the physical principes involvel in this action. Understanding this mechanism cudld be of particular importance in our efforts to prevent and treat diastolic heart failure.

Autors reports 20 ten old boy received penetrating vulns thorasic with naif at midle linea.subksifoid area. Patient with angina pectoris, hypovolemic shock end cardiac arrest received at department intensive care Clinic hospital centre Prishtine in Gracanica. In cardiogenic arrest under reanimation is introduction in general endotracheal anestesy and intervention surgery. Maden midle sternotomy and verification laesio pericardii under right cordis longth of 20 mm,hematopericard and vulnus at parietis diaphragmalis right ventricular in area septoapicalis.Past evacuation sangui from pericard heart mobilisation and made compresion phingin.Placement closure laesion with cardiorraphia prolen 0000 sec.Cooley.Lesion right pleurae mediastinalis and placement drain in right torasic cavum and drain mediastine in restrosternal area i aspiration undervother sec. Bilay. Fixation sternum with fillum metalicum sec. Kurschner. Reanimation intensive care all time and past realisation complete haemostasis along linae sutturae heart folow up substitution adecquat failure volumen total sangui plasm and cristolid. Realisation total stability hemodinamic and patient move at department intensive care. Control EKG, echocardiography and cardiac ensims 5 and 10 dely psotoperative show fingins corectly. Not signs ischemic laesaoin and disfunction conducti and arrhythmi. Haert pariets is all corectly viability and cinesy.

The authors in this work presented the case of itterative Caesarean Section. In this intervention they had a complication of endotracheal anaesthetic. Although general anaesthetic, according report the most authors, generally appliance anaesthetic during Caesarean Section, this anaesthetic have a certain failure. This are: difficult intubation, intubation in oesophagus, insufficient relaxation on myometrium, risk of depression - foetal’s central nervous system, unadequate reaction on drugs etc. Some authors have a pioritydaju of regional method according safety. Because of that all we believe, that heed is necessary in work and everybody obstetrician must conscious of this risk, like as application generally anaesthetic such as and regional anaesthetic by woman who has just given birth. In this effect we suggest that knowledge and experience of anaesthesiologies are very important.

Obstructive jaundice presents partial or complete blockade in the gall way towards intestinal tract. This blockade is caused by mechanical obstruction in the extrahepatitic bilioductule system. Etiologic factors which cause obstruction of the extrahepatitic gall ways are numerous. One of the reasons of appearing obstructive jaundice is penetration of the cyst parts or cyst sprout into the gall ways. Echinococcus is zoonosis, parasitic disease, caused by echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocolaris, E. vogeli i E. oligarthus. At humans, cystic form of disease caused by E. granulosus appears most frequently, while the alveolar one caused by E. multilocolaris seu alveolaris appears rarely. Aim of the work is to show the importance of the echinococcus cyst of the liver at the appearing of the obstructive jaundice , penetrating the cyst parts or cyst sprout in the gall ways. The patient presented in the work is E.C., male, register number of the disease history 404/05.06.2007, 20 years old, hospitalized at Surgical Clinic because of the surgery of echinococcus cyst on the left liver lobe. Diagnosis was set by abdomen USG, CT of the abdomen, and laboratory analyses. Echinococcus cyst got complicated by its penetration into the gall ways, and manifested by jaundice, the signs of purulent cholangiitis, and bad general state of the patient, so the surgical treatment is absolutely indicated. During the surgery, after the done pericystectomia, cholendochotomia is done because of the enlarged cholangiitis, where the signs of purulent cholangiitis and 5 cyst sprouts are found and removed. Postoperative flow passed normally. Findings of done secondary cholangiography showed normal structure and transience of gall ways, so the T-drain was removed and the patient sent to further home care in a generally and locally good state.