The clinical and metabolic anomalies observed in patients with type 2 diabetes are associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease (particulary coronary heart disease), witch is responsible for 75% of all death in diabetic patients. Diabetic people have cardiovascular risk factors comparable to those of nondiabetics who have had myocardial infarction or stroke. To determine main risk factors for coronary heart desease (CHD) and differentes among diabetics we analyzed 86 patients.Patients in this study attended in Institute of endocrynology,diabetes and matabolic disorders in Belgrade. The diagnosis was based on typical clinical manifestation: high levels of glucose (higher than 6,1mmol/l), high cholesterol and tryglicerides, hypertension and overweight. In the control group we have had 20 adult, healty people without metabolic disorders. We found that diabetics with coronary heart disease have had the higest level of glucose (13,2mmol/l), cholesterol (6,96mmol/l),tryglicerides (2,84mmol/l). Arterial hypertension in the group of diabetic patientes with CHD have had 72,7 %, or 40 patients of 55 patients of whole group. Type 2 diabetes and hypertension share certain risk factors such as overweight, visceral obesity,and possibly insulin resistence. This study strenthgenes the hypothesis that cholesterol and the arterial hypertension have central role in develpoment of CHD, but in non-insulin depended diabetics they associated with metabolic disorders witch play an important role in increasing the risk of coronary heart disease.

Actual hypothesis related to development of the age-related cataract focus the photo oxidative stress as a key process of cataract genesis. It considers that damages in the lens cells, caused by sunlight and oxygen within photodynamic action of the photo oxidative stress, make essence of the cataract genesis process. Although the cataractogenes is primary a local process that flows in a local compartment, oxidative stress is often a systemic event. It relates particularly to the older age, i.e. to the ageing process itself. Even if special regulatory mechanisms of the eye provide appropriate supply of antioxidative elements on the local level, fulfilling of the eye and it's lens with antioxidative elements depends on their systemic availability and distribution. By investigation of concentrations of malondialdehyde, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione and albumin, and activity of cathtalase and peroxidase in serums of patients with age-related cataract, as well as with comparison of the same elements values in serums of the same age and sex distribution group of people without cataract, we found noticeable differences of the oxidative stress intensity in serums within those two investigated groups.

In regulation of specific immune responses the most important role play interleukin-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inter feron- (INF- ), transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) and lymphotoxin (LT). These signal molecules are produced mainly by T-lymphocytes after recognition of foreign antigens by specific receptors (TCR) placed on plasmalema. Some of mentioned cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various lymphocyte populations in the activation phase of T cell-de pendent immune responses, while the others activate and regulate the function of specialized effector cells, such as mono nuclear phagocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, to eliminate antigens in the effector phase of immune responses. In con trast to most of cytokines which have stimulating action on an initiation and course of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, TGF- has an inhibitory effect on the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes and the other leukocyts

Osteoporosis is a condition chracterized by a reduced amount of bone which leads to diminihed physical strength of the skeleton and an increased susceptibility to fractures. There are many causes of osteoporosis but the most common by fair is due to the decrese in the amount of bone which occurs after the menopause, the so called postmenopausal osteoporosis. There is no evidence that postmenopausal bone loss itself causes any symptoms and ensuing osteoporosis has therefore been called «the silent epidemic».

Women sexuality is a complex phenomenon encompassing biological, psychological, emotional and social aspects. The menopausal changes have undoubtedly a significant influence on sexuality. There is a widespread opinion that older women show a fading interest and desire for sexual relations. However, despite of all unavoidable changes brought about by menopause and elder age, the sphere of sexuality remains still very important. The paper reviews the changes occurring in the sphere of sexuality in the older age, influence of menopausal hormaonal changes, psycho-social factors and general health state in these changes, as well as of the possibilities of treating sexual dysfunctions in the menopausal period.

The thyroid gland produces two major active thyroid hormones, thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The production of these hormones within the thyroid is regulated by thyreotropin (thyroid-stimulating-hormone- TSH). Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter and borderline hypothireoidsm word-widw. In non iodine deficient areas, however autoimmunity is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Destructive therapy by surgery or radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis acounts for approximately one third of all cases excessive iodine (e. g. as e result of chronic ingestion of proprietary cough medicines) may also cause hi pothyreoidsm. Primary hypothireoidsm due to failure much more common than failure secondary to pituitary dysfunction, or tertiary hypothireoidsm due to hypothalamic disease. The symptom of hypothireoidsm are non-specific and may be attributed by bath patient and doctor to ageing the onset usually being insidious. Hypothireoidsm is treated with replacement T4 therapy. The author describe a 55 year-old women with diagnosis of Primary hypothireoidism. The disease had a rarely course with disorders this metabolism lipids and complications here cardiovascular system. 

The main goal of this research was to present the mikid generalised reaction in children who suffered from trichophytiae profundae capillitii. After the infection and the inflammation brought on by the direct contact with the sick calves, the intensive mikid reactions occured, that is, the aseptic lesions of the skin. From 149 sick children, hospitalised at the DVC in Priština, 63(42,28%) were with the diagnosis of Kerion celsi. In 7(11,11%) cases trichophytid reactions occured to the animal type of the trichophyton mentagrophytes. The inflammed regions of the kerion produced the secondary bacterial infection with the regionale lymphadenopathy. Two weeks later antibodies and skin rash were produced in response to the infection agents. Early diagnostice and the adequate therapy decreases frequency of the mikid reaction in childrens age

Sindrom X or Metabolic Syndrome are both terms used to describe a collection of herth risks contitions that increase your chance os developing heart disease, stroke and diabetes. The condition is aslo known by other names including insulin Resistence syndrome, and Dysmetabolic syndrome. The number of people with Metabolic Syndrome increases with
age, affecting more than 40 percent of people in their 60 s and 70 s. Components of Metabolic Syndrome are: Abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, insulin resistance, proinflamate state and prothrombotic state. The
National Cholesterol Education Program 's Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATPIII) identified 6 components of the metabolic syndrome that relevate to CVD. Insulin resistance is present in the majority of people with the matabolic syndrome.
It strongly associates is present with other metabolic risk factors and correlates unuvariately with CVD risk. Patiens with
longstanding insulin resistance frequently manifest glucose intolerance. When glucose intolerance evolves into diabetslevel hyperglicemia, independent risk factor for CVD. When 3 of 5 of the listed caracteristics are present, a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome can be made. The exact cause of Metabolic syndrome is not known. Most reserchers believe it is caused by
a combination of your genetic makeup and lifestyle choices-including the types of food you eat and level of physical activity.

The patients after the stroke besides impaired motor functions,often have cognitive and emotional disorders which
can endanger the successful carrying out of the rehabilitation treatment. The objective of this study was to estimate the
functional capability and to determine the cognitive and emotional disorders of the patients after the stroke. The research has
ecompassed 40 patients after the stroke of specified age and gender structure, treated in the Clinic for Rehabilitation, of the
Clinical Center in Novi Sad. The data have benn gathered from the anamnesis, clinical and neurological check, test of the
activity in everyday life, the findings of the psychologist on the emotinal status, as well as from the available medical
documentation about the patient. The average values of the Barthel's index are increased for 14.86% after the rehabilitation
treatment. The results show a strong presence of the emotional disorders with 57.5% of the patients. The increased values of Barthel's index and Mini Mental test at the end of the treatment show the undoubtfull importance of the rehabilitation
treatment in the recovery of the patients. The emotional disorders cause the worse recovery of the patients.

Chronic appendicitis presents inflammation of appendix with atypical clinical findings, without significant signs
and symptoms. Because of that diagnosing chronic appendicitis presumes a great problem. Indications for operative treatment based on clinical impression are followed with a great number of unnecessary appendectomies. Barium enema can show morphlogic changes of appendix during its chronic inflammation. Our aim was to show values of barium enema in diagnosing chronic appendicitis. Study went prospectively, in period 1999-2001 on Clinic for abdominal and endocrine
surgery, Institute for surgery Novi Sad. It includes 100 patients with symptoms, 50 of them were operated after barium
enema, and other 50 were operated after clinical impression of surgeon. Each appendix was patohistologicaly examined.
Incidental appendectoies were exluded. Of total 1425 appendectomies in three years period, 100 were operatde because of chronic appendicitis. Fifty of them were operated after barium enema, and other 50 were operated after clinical impression of surgeon. Range of years was 15 59 in examined group with average 35,6 years. In control group range was 15 57, with average 32,9 years. Lasting of pain episode more than 12 hours had 94% of patients in examined group, and 72% of patients in control group had painn less than 24 hourrs. During of pain episodes at 92% of patients from examined group was 3 weeks to 12 months, and 86% of patients from control group had pain standing 3-36 weeks. The most common sign on barium enema was finding of coprolites in lumen (52%), followed with unfilled appendix (18%, angulations (10%), distal amputation (8%), segmentation of contrast (8%), and fixated appendix (4%). Intraoperative macroscopic findings were as followed: 40/50 coprolites in lumen, 7/50 fibrous bounds, and 3/50 fibroses of appendix. Patohistologicaly, chronic appendicitis was confirmed at 90% of patients in examined group, and 58% in control group. After surgery, 94% of patients from examined group don't feel the preoperative pain. Barium enema significantly increases of chronic appendicitis. It is non-invasive, and reliable method for showing morphologic changes of chronic appendix. Use of barium enema dereases number of unnecessary appendectomies. Barium enema is suggested for evaluation of patients with chronic pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen, and thereby for diagnosing of chronic appendicitis.