Of 130 examined women who had not undergone a cytological and colposcopy check-up for at least a year, there were positive colposcopy: mosaic 39 (30,00 %), atipic vascularisation 15 (11,54 %) and suspect of invasive cervical cancer 1 (0,77 %). While the invasive carcinoma was ascertained most frequently at the ages of 40 to 59. The frequent incidence of severe displasia in subjects is 2,31 %, microinvasive cervical cancer 1,45 %, and the incidence of the invasive carcinoma is 3,85%.

Diabetes mellitus is a typical example for connection betwen sickness of internal organs and the skin. The ratio betwen glycose level in a gram of skin and the amount of glycose in a mililiter of blood is higher in diabetes mellitus then normal. This implies that insulin regulates intracelular distribution of glycose in the skin. It is recessary for the keratinocyt growth and diferentiation, healing of wounds, but also for the fibroblast functioning in the derm. In diabetes mellitus acidofil is lowered, and glycolised colagen is increased, and fibroblasts in the extra produce fibronectin. Skin and visible mucosys infections caused by candida albicans in diabetes patients belong to the group of deseases that could be a consequence of a disbalanced metabolism. They are seen frequently, but not patognomic for these patients, becuse they are also possible in people whose metabolism is normal. Badly controlled or undiagnosed dibetes mellitus is often coupled with candida induced skin deseases. Sometimes candida infections are the first sign of diabetes. Dermatologist is often in position to discover the disease on the basis of skin symptoms, which gives possibility for regulation of the sickness on time and avoid complications. It is known that complications develop slower when diabetes is regulated. Skin alterations in candidiasys and its connection with diabetes are described briefly, with an attempl to explain patogenesys of their apearence.

Ahernia occurs when the contents of a body cavity bulge out of the area where they are normally contained. These contents, usually portions of intestine or abdominal fatty tissue, are often enclosed in the thin membrane that naturally lines the inside of the cavity. Although the term hernia can be used for bulges in other areas, it most often is used to describe hernias of the lower torso (abdominal wall hernias). Hernias by themselves usually are harmless, but nearly all have a potential risk of having their blood supply cut off (becoming strangulated). If the hernia sac contents have their blood supply cut off at the hernia opening in the abdominal wall, it becomes a medical and surgical emergency. Aims of the paper were: 1. to reveal the prevalence of inguinal region hernias (IRH) among all patients being admitted to emergency ward of Surgery Clinic at Gracanica during 2006 and 2. to show treatment efficacy of each surgical methods used. Material and method: Clinical
Center Pristine, Surgery Clinic at Gracanica patients' medical records were analyzed. Prevalence of IRH was monitored during the time frame of 1 year (2006). Basic statistical methods were applied for data analyzing. Results and discussion: During the time observed, 504 patients underwent surgical treatment. Among them, 162 patients (32,14%) were operated on inguinal region hernias. IRHs were more prevalent in males - 146 cases (90,12%) in comparison to 16 cases in females
(9,88%). During the certain time period, IRHs were more prevalent in adults 101 cases (62,35%) than in children 61 cases (37,65%). The vast majority of all operated hernias, belong to group of inguinal hernias 156 cases (96,30%). At the same time, there were only 6 cases (3,70%) of femoral hernias. This observation is in concordance with the data published worldwide inguinal hernias make up 75% of all abdominal wall hernias and occur up to 25 times more often in men than women.
The study, also, revealed incarcerated hernia (part of the intestine or abdominal tissue that becomes trapped in the sac of a hernia) in 6 patients (3,70%) while recurrent hernia was found in 3 patients (1,85%). The most frequently used surgical approaches were: i) Ferrary method in 54 patients (33,33%; ii) Lichtenstein method in 42 patients (25,93%), and iii) Bassini method in 35 patients (22,22%). Postoperative complications were noted in 3 patients (1,85%). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, one may conclude that efficacy of surgical method used in treatment of IRH is in indirect relation with the number of postoperative recidives the higher the number of hernia recurrences, the lower the efficacy of surgical method is

In this work we have examined echocardiographic characteristics of left ventricle in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We used prospective study, during 12 months, and we followed 55 patients with diagnosed non Q AMI. All patients were hospitalized in the Coronary unit. Results: 55 consecutive (40 males middle age 55,4±8,7 and 15 females middle age 57,4±10,3) had non Q AMI. Value of ejection fraction: after 4.day - 50,4±6,2% ,2.weeks - 54,6±5,8%, 4. weeks - 59,3±5,4%. Value of ejection fraction in patients with thrombolytic therapy: 61,6±6,8% vs. 57,3±6,6% p> 0,05;Value of left ventricle fractional shortening: 28,8±2,5% (in patients with thrombolytic therapy 30,3±4,8% vs.27,2±5,9%) Value of end2 2 2 - diastolic volume: after 4.day- 62,5±5,3 ml/m , 2.weeks - 63,1±5,4 ml/m , 4. weeks - 64,4±5,8 ml/m (in patients with throm 2 2 2 bolytic therapy 60,5±9,2 ml/m vs. 67,4±8,4 ml/m ) Value of endsistolic volume: after 4. day - 26,2±2,1 ml/m , 2.weeks2 2 26,8±2,3 ml/m , 4. weeks - 27,6±2,2 ml/m (in patients with thrombolytic therapy 25,6±2,8 ml/m2 vs. 31,7±3,1 ml/m2 p> 0,05). During the in-hospital follow up period, 2(3,6%) patients and during the post-hospital follow up period, 1 (1,9%) patients with non Q AMI had lethal outcome.

Synonym Louse borne typhus represents the connection between Typhus exanthematicus and body lousiness. The results of the experiment Nicolle 1909 definitely established that. It is not explored how well the fact that Typhus is transmitted by body lice was known by doctors who were the actors of events in Serbia in 1914/15 year. A number of them categorically stated that they weren't aware of the results of Nicolla's experiments. Those honest doctors accused themselves that the fact not knowing made that “people paid by several hundreds of heads”, it was concluded that “they didn't know the theory and practice of Typhus epidemiology”. They thought that the epidemic disease would have had another direction if that had known that fact. In 1914/1 Serbia was “Typhus land stomach, recurrent and mysterious and violent Typhus”. It was the place where hypothesis “that destroying lice could be adequate proceeding in repress epidemic of Typhus” could be checked. On the epidemic culmination there was no any act or mean for effective total massive destroying lice. Disinfestations were the hygiene measure until 1915 year, and that wasn't anti epidemic measure. The working aim is to show the paradoxes: of doctors' self-accusing and confirmation on existing of special measures against Typhus. Descriptive method. Inspection in: professional, historic, fictive, accounts of its travels reviewers and archive origin on Typhus in the First World War. In 1914/15 there was no special epidemiology of Typhus. There was no effective tactic mean for massive disinfestations. Until then, nobody was stopping epidemic of Typhus bys strategy of destroying lice and their eggs. They didn't completely trusted Nicolla because current authorities believed that Typhus could be transmitted also by droplets' way. In the actual moment of epidemic culmination, the public's opinion was that disinfestations would be successful. Self-accusing of national doctors appeared after the success of English military mission. Kujachitsh was writing about Nicolla's experiments and he was a participant in war in 1914/15 and so he didn't look for a disinfestations (depediculation) mean and he didn't also strictly expressed himself on lice importance. Hirschfield, Subotitsh were looking for a mean for massive disinfestations; according to the results, they weren't successful. Scientific theory of Nicolla, and its prompt review by Kujachitsh, might be the base for positive movements, but also for tendentious “inflaming imagination” - “what could be if…”. We'll support the opinion how (the most) rationally the success could be reached: 1) what was cumulatively hypothetic by proofs becomes cumulatively confirmed; 2) supporting better stages in reaching the truth. Further appearance of sick could be added to failure: a) of tactic solution; or/and b) a strategy; or/and even solidly proved c) start, experiment of Nicolla. Interdependence is maximal first not proved conditions that the following one is problematic. There were no intention to prove that “disinfestations was successful for eradication of Typhus”, and from that appeared the failure of chosen mean, organisation of proceeding and so on, it could influence valuation of strategic result, instead of having reliable knowing on disinfestations power as a motive for finding means. The fruit of the projection and emotions is a prejudice that Nikola's theories is self-sufficient in order to make epidemic resulted in significantly less number of victims from Typhus if that had been known because all of the rest would be just result; that Stammer's mean could be easy to find. All of this produced repentance and self-accusing a number of honest doctors and that was stressed further, and it was never put under consideration although it came only after final happening. Successful tactic solution was uncertain if it was going to be found at all. Ranges of tries were not successful (Subotitsh, Hirschfield and so on). Stammer's “Serbian barrel” was enough for stopping dangerous large epidemic scale. Hunter had a planned approach to eradicate Typhus by disinfestations (depediculation), he applied that new strategic measure in the whole territory of Serbia, in: the Army, national and displaced population, as well as among the prisoners. Mostly thanking to Nicolla, only after epidemic in Serbia in 1914/15 the adequate synonym to Typhus is “Lousy Typhus”. The special epidemiology of Typhus was not constituted until 1919, and so
the valuation of not knowing the theory and practice (of special epidemiology) of Typhus was not applicable to time in 1914/15. There are no guilty ones for death of Typhus in Serbia in 1915 among the doctors. Informing that lice transmit Typhus meant that in looking for disinfestations procedure “there was no more in obligation, but more in opportunity”. Success of Stammers classifies himself among the “unusual” ones. Success of English military mission with Hunter on the top, made that Golgotha exceeded into epopee. The typhus from then always used to lose its battle.

Bone tissue infections caused by non-specific agents (non-specific osteomyelitis) occur most frequently among children and young individuals demanding surgical and antibiotic therapy, although with unpredictable clinical outcome. While mobilization of cellular response to infectious agents takes place, a bulk of oxygen-derived free radicals emerge with concomitant participation of various elements of endogenous antioxidative defense. Vitamin C is an endogenous antioxidant active in the aqueous phase. It is very likely that ostoemyelitic patients already have some kind of disorder in specific antioxidant system due to hematogenic origin of non-specific osteomyelitis. Our results show that serum total vitamin C concentrations among patients with non specific osteomyelitis are not significantly different from those obtained among control subjects. However, we found significantly different concentrations of ascorbate, dehyroascorbate and their concentration ratio in serum within osteomyelitic patients that points to enlarged consumption of ascorbate even before the bone localization of infection took place

We tested the performance of telecolposcopy in the diagnosis of various squamous intraepithelial lesions. There were three groups of physicians: Group 1 consisted of 15 gynaecologists who were not trained in colposcopy; Group 2 consisted of six experienced colposcopists (specialists); Group 3 was a supervising team constisting of three experts (colposcopists with more than 15 years of colposcopy experience). The first group took colpophotographs during gynaecological examinations and used a Web browser to compare them with examples from a database of colposcopy findings. Group 2 made their own diagnoses independently. Then the supervising team examined the findings from all 250 patients and made diagnoses that could be considered the ''gold standard''. The findings were identical for Groups 1 and 2 in 219 cases, i.e. an inter- observer agreement of 88%; Cohen's kappa was 0.81. The findings were identical for Groups 1 and 3 in 208 cases, i.e. an inter- observer agreement of 83%; Cohen's kappa was 0.74. The findings were identical for Groups 2 and 3 in 239 cases, i.e. an inter- observer agreement of 96%; Cohen's kappa was 0.93. There was high inter- observer agreement between all participants. However, there were also significant differences in some cases. In the cases of suspected invasive carcinoma, 2 the results showed a significant difference (x =4.8, p < 0,005) because gynaecologists from Group 1 were not sure of their diagnosis and they wanted to obtain a second opinion by referring the decision to a higher level.

Cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species as part of metabolic processes. These free radicals are neutralized by antioxidant defense system consisting of enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and numerous non-enzymatic antioxidants, including vitamins A, E and C, glutathione, ubiquinone, and flavonoids. Antioxidants include both water and lipid soluble varieties. The lipid soluble antioxidants are located in the cellular membranes and lipoproteins, whereas the water soluble antioxidants are present in the aqueous environments, such as fluids inside cells and in the blood.

Adipose tissue secretes bioactive peptides, termed 'adipokines', which act locally and distally through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signals. Those signals influences the answers of other tissues and organs including hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, sceletal muscles, endotel an immune system. Increased production of most adipokines impacts on multiple functions such as appetite and energy balance, immunity, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, blood pressure, lipid metabolism and haemostasis, all of which are linked with cardiovascular disease. Leptin is a critical mediatorof energy balance that relays information regarding the depletion or accumulation of fat stores to the brain. Althoughmany of leptin's effects result rb from a direct action ofleptin on hypothalamic neurons, the functional leptin receptor(long-form or lep ) is also found on many tissues outside the central nervous system (CNS), including immune cells. Obese individuals seem to be resistantto the hypothalamic effects of leptin (maybe because of defective blood-brain barrier transport), the catabolic pathways designed to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure are not activated and excess body weight is maintained). Adipokines like adiponectin and leptin, at least in physiological concentrations, are insulin sparing as they stimulate beta oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle. The role of resistin is less understood. It is implicated in insulin resistance in rats, but probably not in humans. Adiponectin and resistin are adipocyte-derived polypeptide hormones playing a role in metabolic homeostasis. Their plasma levels are inversely (adiponectin) or directly (resistin) correlated to obesity (and in a patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) and they have opposite effects on insulin sensitivity. Adipocytes secretes also adipsin, factor B and factor C. In-depth understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular actions of adipokines may, in the coming years, lead to effective therapeutic strategies

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilo sebaceous follicules. The sites involved are the seborrheic areas in sebaceous glands mainly face, upper chest, back and the shoulder areas. The usual types of acne occur puberty. Acne is rare in children and old age. Increase in the activity of sebaceous glands and occlusion of the pilosebaceous orifices are the main factors of acne pathogenesis. Androgens increase the activity of sebaceous gland in both sexes. The usual types of acne occur in some endocrine abnormality and disorders. We analyzed hormones control of the acne and its role in occurrence of acne