Parodontopathy is a complex disease of periodontal tissues. The patological changes that occure here are destructive and lead to gradual or progressive periodontium disease and its anatomical and functional desintegration. The aim of the research was to use the PCR method (Polimerase Chain Reaction) to identify the presence and spreading of the oral pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque in patients suffering from the agressive parodontopathy and then compare it to qualitative-quantitaive structure of dental plaque in patients suffering from chronic parodontopathy. The study included 70 patients, average age of 45. The identification of microorganisms in subgingival plaque was determined by PCR method. In order to comfirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of destruction of periodontal tissue the standar epidemiological criteria were used: plaque index (Silness-Lӧe), gingival index (Lӧe-Silness), SBI index (Mühleman-Son) and DPP. Extremely high statictical significance of presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was obtained in patients with agressive parodontopathy. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis showed the difference in distribution in patients with chronic as well as in patients with agressive pardontopathy. In our sample A.a was detected in a high percentage of younger patients with the diagnosis of agressive parodontopathy. Higher rate of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque has a direct impact on the course of parodontopathy. Its detection may be a useful marker for identifying the icreased risk for developing agressive parodontopathy in patients of younger population.

Standardized staging of tumors takes into account the depth of invasion of the intestinal wall and the presence of local or distant metastases, specifically focusing to precisely estimate length of patient survival. This assessment system does not fully reflect the biological behaviour of cancer individually, ie. tumor aggressiveness and ability of recurrence tumor after medical treatment. Futuremore, cancer at some patients have more aggressive growth than other carcinomas in the same clinical stage, because there are other parameters that determine the biological behaviors of colon cancer, which are not included in the standard classification of determining tumor stage. One of the recent arguments which are due in the spotlight is "tumor budding", which represents one cell or group of up to five non-differentiated tumor cells, which are found in the stroma out of the invasive front line of cancer. There are 92 colon cancer and upper rectum processed, which are collected at General Hospital in Trebinje and Medical Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. The aim is to determine whether there is a correlation between the number of tumor budding and stage of tumors in colorectal cancer. The tumor stage is determined by Astler Coller classification. Investigation, based on χ2-test, leads to the conclusion that there is not a statistical significance in tumor budding distribution in relation to tumor stage according to the Astler Coller classification (p = 0.383; p> 0.05).

Anatomy of the female pelvic viscera was investigated before and after the Tension free Vaginal tape (TVT-O). Forty patients were included in the study. Surgery was performed between 2009 and 2012 in Clinic of Urology (Clinical Center Nis) and Department of Urology (Municipal Hospital Prokuplje). Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) and anterior vaginal wall prolapse was confirmed in all patients. In all patients with anterior vaginal wall prolapse (grade≥2) both tension free vaginal tape (TVT-O) and anterior vaginal wall repair were performed. Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) system was used for the evaluation of prolapse before and after the surgery. Mean age of patients was 61 years. Spinal anesthesia was performed in thirty patients and general anesthesia in 10 patients. Intraoperative blood loss was under 50 ml. There were no bladder, nerve and blood vessels injuries . Thirty eight out of forty patients (95%) were satisfied with the outcome of the surgery. There was a significant correction of prolapse after the surgery. Recurrence of prolapse was found in patients with the high grade prolapse before the surgery, as well as, in patients with the history of previous anterior vaginal repair. Pelvic organ prolapse, congenital or acquired, is supported by the congenital weakness of the pelvic floor.

Endocardial endothelium (EE) is a barrier which controls the passage of macromolecules and fluids between the blood and the adjacent miocardial interstitium. At the same time it is the place of synthesis of numerous endothelial mediators. Histamine as an inflammation mediator increases the permeability of the endothelium, but also has a positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart through the activation of histamine H1 and H2 receptors. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of the role of endocardial endothelium in the effect of histamine on myocardial contraction in the conditions of histamine receptors blockade. The study was carried out on the samples of the right ventricle of the albino Wistar rats (n = 42, age 8 weeks, body mass 180-200g) presented in two experimental models. The first experimental model presented the right ventricle of the rat heart with an intact endocardial endothelium and the second with the endothelium chemically removed by immersion of the chamber in a 1% solution of Triton X-100. Histamine (1x10-4 mol/l) increases the contraction of the right ventricle of the heart with intact endocardial endothelium but also with the removed endocardial endothelium. The effect of the histamine on the contraction was significantly increased in the absence of endocardial endothelium (p<0.05). H1 receptor antagonist, pyrilamine (1x10-6 mol/l) significantly inhibites the positive inotropic effect of histamine on the heart in both groups, with or without endocardial endothelium. Modulatory role of endocardial endothelium in the effect of histamine after the receptors blockade by pyrilamine is not significant. H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine (1x10-4 mol/l), blocks the positive inotropic effect of histamine on the heart reagardless of the preservation of the endocardial endothelium. Our results indicate the undoubted importance of the modulatory role of endocardial endothelial in the effect of histamine on myocardial contraction.

Injury of the deltoid ligament as a component of the lateral malleolus fractures is caused by the fact rotational forces during the support. The aim of this research is to examine the functional results of the patient who had undergone suture of the deltoid ligament and osteosynthesis of fracture of the lateral malleolus. In a retrospective study the analysis included a series of 45 patients.The diagnosis of rupture of the deltoid ligament is made based on physical findings islands and tenderness in the region of the deltoid ligament and roentgenographic confirmation width of the medial joint space > 4 mm. There is a high degree of correlation with the 25 (55.55%) patients between excellent functional outcomes of treatment calculated by Gregory[11] score and great roentgenographic findings by Konrath score[12]. The total clinical scores of subjective and objective clinical assessment by Gregory of a sample of patients, characterized by an excellent, even with the 40 (88.89%) patients. In the literature there is no agreement on the method of treatment of the deltoid ligament rupture associated with fractures of the lateral malleolus. Based on theoretical considerations, a number of authors advocate surgical treatment discontinued deltoid ligament. In our series, using suture of the deltoid ligament and osteosynthesis of the lateral malleolus, the best results are obtained with the PAB fracture, lower percentages of excellent results is with the SER fractures. The worst result was obtained with the PER type fracture. Anatomical and functional integrity of all parts of the talocrural joint that allows harmony of movement and stability is achieved with osteosynthesis of lateral malleolus and suture of the deltoid ligament.

Frequent occurrence of dental caries and periodontal diseases, especially gingivitis, in school-aged children, is becoming one of the most important problems in oral pathology, although they all can be brought under control through health education and implementation of preventive and prophylactic measures. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of dental caries and gingivitis in children, aged 12 years, attending primary schools in Kosovska Mitrovica, as an urban area, and schools in Gračanica and Laplje Selo, as rural areas. The study included 227 schoolchildren, aged 12 years, divided into two groups. One group, 129 of them, consisted of children from primary schools in Kosovska Mitrovica, as urban areas. The other group, 98 of them, consisted of children from primary schools in Gračanica and Laplje Selo, as rural areas. Klein-Palmer DMFT system (D-Decayed, M-Missing, F-filled) was used to estimate the prevalence of dental caries, while Silness-Löe plaque index, Löe-Silness gingival index and Muhlemann sulcus bleeding index were used to estimate the level of oral hygiene, gingival status and severity of gingival inflammation. The average number of permanent teeth with caries per respondent (DMFT) was 4.6 in total, for all children. The average value of DMFT in children from urban areas was 3.8, and 5.3 in children from rural areas. SiC Index was 7.9. The average value of the plaque index (PI) was 1.53±0.61, of the gingival index (GI)1.05±0.58 and of the bleeding index (BI) 0.64±0.59. The established state of oral health and periodontium in examined children points to the necessity of applying modern preventive and prophylactic measures in order to improve the oral health and increase the motivation for the overall health care.

The panoramic radiography is the most used diagnostic imaging method in planning impacted lower third molar extractions. However, often panoramic radiography does not provide enough information in treatment planning for performing safely surgical extraction of impacted third molars. CBCT (Cone beam computed tomography) provides more precise information in diagnostic analysis especially for planning surgical procedures where complications can be expected due to close relationship between mandibular canal and lower impacted third molars. The aim of this study is comparative analysis of panoramic radiography and CBCT in evaluating the topographic relationship between mandibular canal and impacted third molars. The study included 50 patients with close relationship between mandibular canal and impacted third molars detected using panoramic radiography. After panoramic radiography analysis CBCT was performed in order to diagnose, plan and prevent complications during the surgical tooth extraction. CBCT examination considered comparative analysis with panoramic radiography, marking, volume rendering and assessment of mandibular canal in buccolingual direction. Out of total patients where suprimposition of mandibular canal and impacted third molar on panoramic radiography was detected, in 32 patients mandibular chanal was localised on lingual side. Mandibular canal was positioned at bucal side in 18 of 50 patients. Results of this research indicate that panoramic radiography can be useful in everyday practice for diagnosis, planning and preparing lower third molar extractions, but in cases where close relationship between mandibular canal and lower third molars is detected CBCT is recommended as more precise radiographic imaging method in order to prevent complications.

Hepatitis A is an acute viral disease of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) .In many areas of the world represents a significant epidemiological problem, and the infection is usually transmitted by contact, rarely contaminated water and food. The main objective of the study was to identify the most important epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A in Serbian areas of Kosovo and Metohija. We used the data of reporting of infectious diseases, reports on infectious diseases (seven-day, month, year) of the Department of Public Health Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica. In our research we used epidemiological Studies of cross-section (crosssectional). Between 2003-2015. in Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian middle) registered 223 cases of hepatitis A. The average incidence in the reporting period was 11.03 / 10,0000. Analysis of age distribution revealed that the most common incidence in people aged 15-19 years, and the rarest people aged 50-59 years. Hepatitis A occurs throughout the year, showing seasonal variations. Trend of incidence shows a negative trend with a reduction in the number of cases in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija. Based on the results of our study we can conclude that hepatitis A is an important public health and socioeconomic problem. In order to prevent hepatitis A, it is important to continue to improve hygiene and sanitary conditions of life as the best general preventive measures.

Often the only available way of checking the adequacy of HD reaching dry weight after completion of dialysis treatment or monitoring arterial blood pressure. The goal of this paper is to show whether echocardiographic index measuring inspiratory collapse VCI can further assist in assessing the state of hydration of patients on HD. Method: In a study that we conducted on the UDK in Belgrade Centre for HD at 20 toro children on HD (before and after HD) and 20 healthy children, the control group. The M mode echocardiography we measured the diameter of the inferior vena cava (VCI) and calculated the index VCI inspiratory collapse. Also, accompanied by the correlation of these parameters with the dimensions of the left atrium, left ventricular in diastolic and body weight. Results: Children were before HD was significantly higher static diameter VCI and LA diameter compared to the control group (p <0.05). Index is collapsed before the HD was be substantially lower than in the control group (p <0.05). After HD LA diameter was still significantly higher than in the control group (p <0.05). while the other parameters were not statistically be substantially different. Index collapsing VCI differed significantly before and after HD (p <0.05), examining the correlation between VCI and diameter dimensions of the left ventricle during diastole (LVD) found a statistically significant positive correlation between these two parameters in all three groups of measurements (p <0.01). A statistically significant positive linear correlation was found between the VCI diameter and diameter of the left atrium (LA) in all three of measurements (p <0.01). A statistically significant positive linear correlation was found between the diameter of VCI and body weight in children after HD and control groups (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: Index collapsing and VCI in combination with other parameters can further improve the monitoring of the state of hydration and improve the quality of life of patients on hemodialysis.

Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing malignant skin tumor and its often found in elderly patients on sun exposed areas that confirming chronic UV radiation. Demographic, clinical and histological characteristics of the patients have been analyzed of nodular type of basal cell carcinoma in order to determine correlation between localization, duration and tumor size. Database was searched for medical records of patients with nodular BCC evaluated in Health Center of Kosovska Mitrovica and Clinical Center of Nis during the period of 2006 through 2008 year with the focus on demographic characteristics, localization, duration, size and clinical and histological characteristics of the tumor. Results: 36 patients with nodular BCC, 14 female and 22 male, in average old between 72.5±7.26 years of age. Two thirds of patients is older than 60 years and only 3 (8.33%) male patients are younger than 60 years of age. 72.11% of patients living in rural areas unlike 27.77% that lives in urban areas. Nodular type is occurring more often in males on skin of frontal and zygomatical region and in females on zygomatic and nose region. We found that the size of the tumor is in close correlation with length of duration of illness. Nodal BCC is more common in elderly male patients. Nodular type is occurring more often in males on skin of frontal and zygomatical region with a different distribution among women.

Aging begins at the moment of birth and it is inevitable part of our lives. Statistical data obtained in recent years, indicate that the average human lifespan is significantly prolonged compared to the previous century, which is likely to come as a result of technological progress and consequently the development of medicine. Whole teams of scientists are constantly trying to clarify the process of aging and in some ways make it slower.Attempts to find the causes of aging is present for the purpose of extending the creative activity of man

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a syndrome which is caused by gradual progressive and irreversible reduction of kidney function. CKD has become a global health care problem. From a mental hygiene point of view, the aim of this study is to present the most important stressors in patients with CKD. Knowledge and recognition of everything that influences the increase of stress in people with CKD, on one hand leads to an improvement of understanding , and on the other gives us possibilities to prevent or at least reduce the negative effects of stress. Furthermore, patients with CKD often have anxiety and depressive symptoms which overlap with the clinical symptomatology of kidney disease, which is mostly caused by uremia. We have given certain suggestions for early depression screening in patients with CKD by analyzing previously conducted research. As far as diet is concerned, research suggests that patients with CKD should be prescribed a low protein diet which delays the progression of CKD, reduces the metabolical disbalance and delays the need for dialysis. A traditional diet focused on protein intake without a special selection of meals is recommended. Other recommendations are vegan diet as well as vegan diet with suplements. Furthermore, a diet without proteins with pastas without proteins, bread and other carbohydrates. There are also recommendations for a low protein diet with suplements with an intake of only 0.3 g/kg BM/protein a day with an addition of proteins from vegetables, amino and keto acids. Finally, it should be mentioned that comorbidities should be taken into consideration when prescribing a diet for patients with CKD. It is necessary for the patient to be compliant with the recommended diet.

Parathyroid glands are small endocrine gland in the neck that men secrete parathyroid hormone , or PTH ( PTH) , which together with calcitonin and vitamin - D has a primary role in regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the body. The most common disease of the parathyroid gland presents increased and uncontrolled secretion of PTH , which can be defined as primary hyperparathyroidism, if occurs as a result of enhanced functions of one or more of the parathyroid glands , or secondary hyperparathyroidism, which occurs most often in chronic renal failure or as a result of the deficiency of vitamin D. In our case report we describe a patient with cancer paratioidnih gland , which is a very rare disease and is the rarest malignant endocrine tumor

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation of latency and amplitude of P300 cognitive potential and the degree of lateralization of brain hemispheres. The study included 60 subjects whose age was between 45 and 56 years. Bioelectric brain activity was recorded using argentum chloride (AgCl) electrodes that were placed at central line of the scalp (over Fz and Cz regions) according to the international 10-20 standard. P300 was generated using “oddball” paradigm with randomized stimuli: A frequent 1000 Hz tone with an occurrence of 80 % and a 2000 Hz tone (target) with a 20 % occurrence. The measurement is done with the right hand (first recording) and left hand (second recording). All subjects in this study were tested for usage lateralization and showed that they are right-handed. Based on the results of gestural lateralization subjects are divided in three groups. In the group with high degree of lateralization latencies of P300 were significantly lower when dominant hand was used in comparison to non-dominant hand, on Fz electrode (t = 4,162, p<0,01) and Cz electrode (t = 5,302, p<0,01 (p<0.01) and amplitudes of P300 were significantly higher, on Fz electrode (t=-2,725, p<0,05), on Cz electrode (t=2,527, p<0,05). However, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) for latencies and amplitudes of P300 between dominant and non-dominant hand for the group of subjects with weak and average degree of lateralization. In both subject groups, significantly faster RT was measured when dominant hand was used. The P300 cognitive potential and reaction time can contribute to the study of indicators of the functional hemispheric asymmetry of the brain.

A cardiovascular comorbidity (CVC) in psychiatric patients represents a simultaneous occurrence of a cardiovascular and a mental illness in the same patient regardless of the order of occurrence or of the cause and effect relationship that conjoins them. The objective was to determine the frequency and sort of the CVC in previously hospitalized patients with diagnoses of schizophrenic and affective disorders along with the differences in distribution of said disorders between the two groups of patients. Design-wise this is a retrospective study of intersections. It is based on the analytics of medical data (the history of disease along with the internal medicine consultant reviews) of the hospitalized patients in the Clinic for psychiatric disorders “Dr. Laza Lazarević” in Belgrade during the period between November 2014 and February 2015. Patients who were involved were older than 18 and they had diagnoses of schizophrenic disorders (F20-F29) and affective disorders (F30-F39), according to diagnostic criteria in the International classification of diseases 10 (ICD-10). CVC which were previously diagnosed or registered during the examination we separated into the following groups according to ICD-10: hypertension (HTA) I10, cardiac arrhythmia (CA) I47-I49, chronic cardiomyopathy (CMP) I42-I43 and ischemic heart disease (IHD) 120-125. The two groups of patients were analyzed according with socio-demographic characteristics (gender and age range) and CVC diagnosed according to MKB-10 classification. CVC were registered in 66% of the patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 34% of the patients with affective disorders. Hypertension was most common in both groups of patients following with cardiac arrhythmia. Cardiac arrhythmias were statistically significantly more common in patients diagnosed with schizophrenic disorders (p<0.001) compared to patients with affective disorders. The frequency of hypertension, ischemic heart disease and chronic cardiomyopathy rises with age in both groups of patients. The results of this research confirm a high degree of CVC in hospitalized patients with diagnoses of schizophrenic and affective disorders (especially cardiac arrhythmia and hypertension). A multidisciplinary team is the key for diagnosing and monitoring patients with schizophrenic and affective diseases in both primary and secondary preventions.

The complexity of the open bite is attributed to the combination of the skeletal, dental and soft tissue elements. Depending on the etiology there are different approaches in their solution from conventional to surgical orthodontic treatment. In boys, aged 15 years, was found anterior open bite. After diagnostic procedures and growth assessment, the Demon nonsurgical orthodontic treatment technique was performed. The use of mild force, low friction and early use of intraoral elastics, arterior vertikal and class II in the area of the side teeth, have enabled us to take advantage of favorable growth type maxillofacial complex by which we have achieved a satisfactory therapeutic effect and close the open bite.