It is well known that intensive physical activity increase the production of reactive species of O and N (RONS), but 2 it is also known that moderate and regular physical activity has influence on antioxidative system adaptation and help in repairing process of oxidative damage. In this paper we estimated markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA, % ind MDA), and antioxidant status (Asc, DHA/A, GSH, CAT, Pex) for 30 students (control group), and 30 professional football players (regular intensive physical activity). In the group of professional sportsman there were significant increase of lipid peroxidation markers (MDA ↑, % ind MDA ↑), which was also followed by an increased antioxidant activity (Asc ↑, DHA/A ↑, GSH ↑, Pex ↑, CAT ≈). We can conclude that chronic physical activity significantly improves antioxidant status using the adaptation process.

Oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage are mediators of vascular injury and inflammation in many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes. Xanthine oxidoreductase is one of the enzymes producing free radicals in the cardiovascular system, and it can contribute to the increment of the oxidative stress and, consequently, blood pressure. The xanthine oxidase is a molybdoenzyme capable of catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the process of purine metabolism. Xanthine oxidase can exist in two interconvertible forms, either as xanthine dehydrogenase or xanthine oxidase. The aim of the paper was investigate the activity xanthine oxidoreductase in the plasma patients with age related cataract, with hypertensive, and with heart failure. Clinical and biochemical researches were carried out in 73 patients with age related cataract, mean age 72±7 years, divided into group with hypertensive (N=35), with heart failure (N=22) and group normotensive and without heart failure (N=16). Plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the formation of uric acid from hypoxanthine at 293 nm. The concentration of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C in plasma were determined. Our findings show a significantly increased activity xanthine oxidoreductase in plasma hypertensive patients (XO 9.18±1.5 U/L) (p< 0.001) and patients with heart failure (XO 10.44±1.53U/L) (p< 0.001), compared with values plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity in normotensive and patients without heart failure (XOD 6.02±1.4 U/L). Concentrations of plasma TG, TC and LDL-C were elevated in groups with hypertensive and with heart failure, and we to find significant differences with group normotensive and without heart failure values. Elevated activity of plasma xanthine oxidoreductase contribute to the increasåd oxidative stress and may play a role in accelerated atherosclerosis. 

Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biguanides lower blood glucose levels primarily by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. Metformin also helps to lower blood glucose levels by making muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbe. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of metformin on insulin secretion in obese patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2. We included 40 patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, who were treated on Department for Internal Disease in Hospital King Milutin Laplje Selo. Patients included in the study were newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2, glycemia < 12 mmol/L, and hed the Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2. They were treated with metformin, 1000 mg/day. Insulin sensitivity was determined by HOMA IR, insulin secretion by HOMA, lipid status by spectrophotometry. After six months of treatment blood biochemistry tested again. BMI was also established. Metformin significantly lowered BMI (BMI before therapy 31.02 kg/m2, after treatment 28.7 kg/m2) (both p<0,001 vs baseline) waist circumference mean value 98±0.55 cm-93,12 cm. (p<0,001) During the therapy the glycaemia decreased from 11.7 mmol - 6,78 mmol/l, insulinemia mean value 20.141 mlU/l -13.691, HOMA IR elevated in all patients. Among the cholesterol fractions, most significant results were obtained in LDL cholesterol. Mean LDL cholesterol levels 4.51± 2.02 mmol/L. Mean cholesterol level 6.98±2.31 mmol/L. HDL levels -1.32 mmol/L. Serum triglycerides was (mean) 2.63±1.32mmol/L. After six months therapy Metformin produces beneficial changes in lipid states. Metformin may be the first therapeutic option in the diabetes mellitus type 2 with overweight or obesity. Metformin produces beneficial changes in glycemia control, and moderated in weight, lipids and insulinemia. 

Evaluation of population health condition is a basic mode of collecting health condition and health needs data of a population. Evaluation of population health condition is a base of contemporary health care and health service as well as health improvement and further health system development. In order to gain information on all (physical, psychological and social) health aspects, one has to go beyond health care system and consider objective health condition indicators gained by routine health statistics along with subjective information for creation an image of health condition, that is to say data collected from citizens themselves. This is significantly important when health condition data are sparse, as this is the case with health marginalized groups such as refugees and displaced persons. Value of data collected in this way is in the fact that they refer to determinants defining health, such as social-economical status, life style, education, employment, quality and availability of health care. The aims of this research is to establish how refugees, housed in refuge camps in the North Kosovo and Metohija, evaluate their health and what are the most common health problems of this population. The research was undertaken as a study of a standard representative sample of the adult refugees housed in the refuge camps in the North Kosovo and Metohija. It involved 109 surveyed people. The questionnaire, used for Health Examination in the Republic of Serbia adapted to local conditions, was utilized as a research instrument. The data were processed by descriptive statistics methods 2 and ÷ test was used in the means of data analyzing. More than a half of the surveyed (55.1%) answered that their health condition was good and very good. There is a great difference in health self-evaluating regarding age, marital status, education, the year when they arrived to current domicile. Less than two thirds (65.2%) of the surveyed in the refuge camps in North Kosovo and Metohija claimed that they suffer from some mentioned chronic illnesses. 

Chemical injuries of the eye i.e. causoma means 4% up to 10% of all ocular trauma cases. Purpose: to determinate basic socio-epidemiologic characteristics of patients who has been hospitalized due to causoma. Method: prospective case control study carried on 54 patients who havå been treated at Department of Ophthalmology Health Center K.Mitrovica and Clinic of Eye Disease in Nis. Results: in total, 40 male and 14 women were injured (mean age 41.8 years). The bricklayers, painters and construction-workers are the most frequent injured. Injuries caused by alkalis were significant prevailing in relation to those caused by acids (64.8% vs. 35.2). Monocular causoma were almost twice more frequent. Accident as a manner of injury was in 96.3% of all cases. Men were injured by caustic lime and sulphuric acid while women were injured by sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and acetate acid. More serious clinical appearance had a patients with injuries caused by explosion of accumulator because of associated mechanical injuries of the eye.

NAION is a stroke of the optic nerve. It is acute ischemic disorder of the optic nerve head, which it runs, irreversible loss of vision. Loss of vision in NAION happens suddenly and without pain, usually in morning hours, after waking up.The existence of normal visual acuity does not exclude NAION. The other eye may be affected in a very wide time interval. Results of this stady indicate the importance of a detailed ophthalmologic examination of persons older population, as well as the importance of early intensive therapy during the first weeks of illness. 

Chronic pulmonary heart (HPS) stands for presence of right ventricular hypertrophy with or without right ventricular failure, arising as a consequence of chronic bronchial diseases, lung, pulmonary artery, or severe deformation of the thoracic skeleton. Excludes the pulmonary hypertension as a result of heart disease of left cavities, and congenital heart disease. During the evolution of chronic pulmonary heart, distinguished three stages: a) uncomplicated pneumopathology, b) compensated chronic pulmonary heart and c) decompensated chronic pulmonary heart. Lung ventilation is the process of moving air from the external environment to the alveolar and back, and its ultimate aim is alveolar ventilation space. This process takes place through active action - inspirium and passive - expirium, which causes the lungs to the basic position of rest. The disorders of ventilation lung function can be obstructive and restrictive, and there are often mixed forms with predominantly obstructive or predominantly restrictive pulmonary function disorder. These disorders were particularly expressed in patients with chronic decompensated pulmonary heart, what indicates this work. We studied 40 patients and found low values of vital capacity (VC) and forced exspirium volume in the first second (FEV ), with normal values of 1 Tiffeneau index, which speaks to the fact that respondents with decompensated chronic pulmonary heart have mixed ventilation insufficienty, ìainly restricted type heavy degree. 

In the group of 30 patients with infarction in the border areas has found a total of 11 patients with anterior watershed infarcts between the artery cerebri anterior and artery cerebri media, 15 patients with posterior watershed infarcts between the artery cerebri media and artery cerebri posterior, and 4 patients with subcortical watershed infarcts between surface and deep branch artery cerebri media. Supratentorial watershed infarcts in the dominant hemisfere were seen in 21 patients, while in subdominant in 9 patients. Each type of watershed infarcts was characteristic neurologic picture. Results of this study depict to high incidence of aphasic disturbances, which is consistent with the anatomical presentation of the speech affected both the anterior ares cortical stroke in transcortical motor aphasia, and the posterior of transcortical sensory aphasia.

Any kind of ocular lens opacification is well known as cataract. Most cataracts are age-related, so called senile cataract. Cataractogenesis as process involves either pathological and natural aging processes. Chronical oxidative stress is considered as primary factor in age-related cataractogenesis. In this study we measured concentration of lipid hydroperoxides, sulfhydril groups (SH) and entire antioxidative capacity,as well as ocular superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in 11 subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and cataract and in 39 nondiabetic subjects with senile cataract. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination before they were surgically treated by phacoemulsifications. 0 During the intervention, aqueous sample in volume 0,2 was aspirated and refrigerated in -20 C and preparated for further biochemical analysis. Parameters of antioxidative power in diabetic subjects with cataract have decreased values (sulfhydril groups and antioxidative potential - FRAP test) in aqueous while one of lipid peroxidation product has increased value (lipid hyperoxide). Aqueous catalase activity in subjects with diabetes and senile cataract is remarkably higher compared with nondiabetic subjects (p<0.0.5). Oxydative stress and antioxidative capacity are well known risk factor in cataractogenesis but in DM 2 patients, oxydative stress is more intensive than in control group.

In the region of the thorax there are ten till twelve ganglia (ganglia thoracica); wich are white; triangle and irregular shape; rarely fusiform (spindle-shaped) or round. In the upper part of the thorax; ganglia are located in front of of the neck of ribs (collum costae); and in the middle part they are in front of head of ribs (caput costae). In the lower parts; they are near the vertebral bodies; therefore both of the trunks are slightly convergent. In this part; there are no branches which connected both sides of the sympathetic trunk. Lipofucin is yellow-brown; autofluorescent pigment; accumulated during aging in the lysosome of postmitotic cells; such as neurons.

Topiramate is the new antiepileptic drug, which is related with high efficiency in the reduction seazures, and also whit high prevalention of cognitive adverse events. Purpose of study is to define the relationship between efficiency topiramate in control of epileptic seizure and the apperance of cognitive adverse events. In the prospective stady we followed 40 adult patients with refractory epilepsy, which treatment took place on the Institute of neurology Clinical center of Serbia. The efficacy of treatment was estimated as the ratio of the total number of seizures during the last two months before the introduction of topiramate (on basic antiepileptic therapy) and during the last two months on stable (200mg/day) dose of topiramate.All patients are neuropsychological tested twice. First time before the start of therapy with topiramate, and next time two months after the achieving of stable dose. We used neuropsychological tests for evaluation attention, concentration, visual and verbal memory, speech, executive functions, divergent opinion and visual construction abilities. Patients with good success of topiramate in control of the seizures had worse scores on cognitive measurements than patients in whom topiramate was not demonstrated efficacy in treating epileptic seizures. Our findings indicate that the appearance of cognitive adverse events of topiramate possible in patients with reduction of seizure after the introduction of drug. This suggests that the same mechanism topiramat achieve a positive therapeutic effect and adverse effect on cognition in people with epilepsy.

Asthma is one of the oldest diseases although it's etiopathogenesis has been explained in more details recently. It is very commin in the general population, and especially in children's population. Lately, the rising trend of asthma is the result of the increased exposure of children to unfavourable environmental factors such as air pollutants and "new" allergens in the course of 20 to 30 years. Asthma is multifactorial disease, the interaction of many factors is responsible for its inception and deterioration. Our research included 95 children having allergic asthma and 40 children having nonallergic asthma. All examinees were interviewed by means of epidemiological questionnaire on risk factors. In that way, basic demographic data, data concerning predisposing, causal and contributing risk factors for asthma inception were gathered. The average age of children having allergic asthma was 11.18 years, and the ones having nonallergic asthma were 14.25 years. In regard to gender structure of those having asthma, asthma is more common in the case of male population (65%). The risk for allergic asthma inception is increased by air pollutants, respiratory infections, and increased level of serum IgE. The biggest relative risk is found for the increased levels of serum IgE (OP=5.839), allergy to medicines. Those are variables which increase the risk for allergic asthma inception. The above mentioned variables are predicative factors for atopy inception.

One of leading causes of death in the world is stroke, more often it strikes population under the age of 65, and those who survive it are left with a maximum degree of invalidity. Supratentorial infarcts are the most common form of ACM, occuring as a consequence of blood vessel occlusion, which irrigation zone is above tentorium, and it appears in 80% of infarcts. Diagnosing of such infarcts is based on clinical and neuroradiological parameters, and computed tomografy is called "gold standard". Therefor, our goal was to introduce a CT parameters, which follow complications of supratentorial infarcts and have predictional character. A prospective study followed the state of 60 patients with supratentorial infarcts of brain, performed CT diagnostics, established infarct complication parameters and their effects on clinical state and diseases outcome. Large tentorial infarcts in ACM vascularisation zone, mass-effects and mediosagital structure motions are significant predictors of infarct ill outcome when it comes to surviving and functional recovery. 

Tumor budding refers to an isolated cell or a cluster of up to five undifferentiated tumor cells, located in the stroma close to the invasion frontline of a carcinoma. It has been observed that tumor budding invariably precedes both an invasion into the lymphatic vessels surrounding a tumor and the development of metastases in lymphatic nodes. The aim of this paper is to determine the link between tumour budding, lymphatic vessel invasion and presence o lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinomas. The study involved 92 cases of colon and upper rectum cancers removed at the Trebinje General Hospital and the Medical Centre in Kosovska Mitrovica. High-grade tumour budding was diagnosed in 66 (71.7%) cases, and lowgrade tumour budding in 26 (20.3%) cases. Lymphatic invasion was detected in 63 (68.5%) cases (55 (87.3%) of these cancers showed high-grade tumour budding, while on the other hand 8 (12.7%) had low-grade tumour budding). Lymphonodal metastases were found in 45 (48.9%) cases (of which 36 (80.0%) were high-grade and 9 (20.0%) low-grade incidents). Based on the ÷2-test, it may be concluded that the distribution of tumour budding in relation to lymphatic invasion (p<0.001) is statistically very significant, which was not confirmed in the case of metastases developing in lymphatic nodes (p>0.05). In conclusion, tumour budding is highly linked to lymphatic invasion, which it most probably precedes. 

The objective of this study that included 34 patients with psoriasis was to assess the reliability of the disease severity measures (i.e. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index - PASI) and the reliability of the health related quality of life measures (i.e. EuroQol EQ-5D Quality of Life Scale - EQ-5D, Dermatology Life Quality Index - DLQI and Psoriasis Disability Index -PDI). High interobserver correlation reliability and good test-retest reliability of PASI scores, as well as good test-retest reliability of EQ-5D, DLQI and PDI scores were achieved. Correlation coefficients between the test and retest scores on DLQI and PDI were higher than those on the dimensions and on EQ-VAS in EQ-5D. Disease severity scores given by PASI and the quality of lify scores given by EQ-5D, DLQI and PDI offered the reliable assessment of both the psoriasis severity and the quality of life of the people with psoriasis.

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and the causal relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer is an epochal event in recent times. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of Hp infection and prove the connection between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric and duodenal diseases in different age and gender categories. Study included 250 subjects of both sexes, different age groups selected random sample. All respondents were subjected to Hp urease test from biopsy specimens of the antrum and corpus of the stomach obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with standard forceps. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (CF, SD, Min, Max) and analytical statistical methods. (t test, Chi square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, MannWhitney U test, Wilcoxon test, analysis of variance, ANOVA, Spearman correlation and Persona). Non ulcer gastropathy was the dominant finding that the Hp urease negative (92.2%) and the Hp urease positive (77%)respondents .Duodenalni ulcer was common in the male sex (24.6%) and gastric cancer (2.9%), and stomach ulcer was common in women (4.5%). The most common representation non ulcer gastropathy in the fifth and sixth decades of life while duodenal ulcer was most common in the fifth decade (37.5%). Gastric ulcer was noted in the second, third and fourth decade of life. Gastric cancer is 100% of cases was recorded in the sixth decade of life. Hp Urease test that requires upper digestive endoscopy and biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa is the minimum invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and HP verification changes the standard in the diagnosis of associated diseases of the stomach and duodenum. (non ulcer gastropathy, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer).

The authors analysed the importance and results of tympanometric examination by children in preschool institutions of Kosovska Mitrovica, Zvecan, Zerovnica, Socanica, Leposavic, Lesak and Zubin Potok. Children underwent ENT examination, which included clinical ENT examination and accessory diagnostics methods: tympanometric exami-nation and bacteriological analyses of the nose and throat secret. Totally, it have examined 870 children. The most frequent cause of the middle ear impairment was Eustachian tube dysfunction or "willingness of the middle ear for disease" (50,5% cases). Rarely, it was transient effusion in the middle ear and serous otitis media (19,02%). The authors underline a great importance of tympanometric examination by preschool children in detection of middle ear diseases. 

Formation of vascular access in elderly and diabetic patients is burdened with many difficulties. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that older people and patients with diabetes mellitus defined as the population risk for the formation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. The study was organized as a retrospective study, a subject of interest in people older than 65 years of age and diabetes, which in four years because of the need for further treatment performed arteriovenous fistula. Analyzed the demographic structure of the patient, type of anastomosis, the use of central-venous catheters for hemodialysis, arterial blood pressure and size of the lumen of blood vessels used for anastomosis, intraoperative measured. From the laboratory analysis determined the routine hematological and biochemical parameters. In relation to the positioning of arteriovenous fistula (p=0.033), the placement of catheters for hemodialysis (p=0.0009), preventive form of vascular access (p=0.04) and values of systolic (p=0.0001) and diastolic (p=0.0001) arterial blood pressure, achieved a statistically significant difference. Patients with diabetic nephropathy, compared to the population of elderly, have a significantly higher number of leukocytes (7.5±2.61 vs. 8.5±3.24, p=0.03), fibrinogen level (5.57±2.39 vs. 6.8±1.71, p=0.036), glycemia (5.35±1.24 vs. 7.1±2.28, p<0.0001), cholesterol (3.77±1 , 03 vs. 4.5±1.71, p=0.001), triglycerides (1.59 ±0.62 vs. 1.86±0.76, p=0.009) and LDL-cholesterol (2.13±0.76 vs. 2.42±2.04, p=0.02). Total proteins (64±9.98 vs. 62 ±7.4, p=0.027) and albumin (36±34 vs. 9.55±5.49, p=0.037) were significantly lower values in diabetics. Characteristics of older diabetics and is characterized as a risk population of patients for the creation of arterio-fistula were timely creation and position of arterio fistula, the need for placement of central-venous catheters for hemodialysis and arterial blood pressure.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a myocardial disease, often familial, that is characterised pathologically by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium, and clinically by ventricular arrhythmias of right ventricular origin which may lead to sudden death, mostly in young people and athletes. The term "dysplasia" was originally used to describe an entity that was considered to be the result of a developmental defect of the right ventricular myocardium.

Degenerative diseases are no inflammatory diseases intervertebrales discus, joints and ligaments vertebrae with subsequent changes in the bony spine structures. Degenerative diseases are very common and lumbar syndrome is most of them common. Because large disability that gives not only a medical but also social and economic problem. Starting of these facts here, work is set purpose,to the overall context of the diagnosis,differential diagnosis of degenerative lumbar sindrom. This is a complex problem that requires a great effort, expertise and modern diagnostic procedures in clinical rheumatology, which is outstanding problem in practice. We hove processed 55 patients with chronic low back pain and 20 patients with chronic low back pain and other etiology. With history, clinical examination, laboratory analysis, Rtg recordings,and other additional analysis (EMG,CT,MRI) that dodge tried to make the diagnosis and successful treatment.

Introduction: Delivery with foetus in breech presentation carries a dilemma for obstetrician concerning the method of choice which would be the best for the foetus and the mother. Goal: The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency of breech presentation, mode of delivery and the methods of manual assistance concerning the Apgar score of the children at delivery. Method: Study involved all women with a child in breech position who gave birth in the Institute for Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the Clinical Centre of Serbia in Belgrade during the period of six years. Results: Frequency of the breech presentation in the investigated period was 4.5%. In the last three years children in breech presentation are delivered more often by caesarean section (2.7-3.1%) than vaginally (1.6-1.7%). In vaginal deliveries manual assistance by Bracht/Lowset was performed most often- in 70.5%. At the second place is manual assistance by Bracht- in 18, 2%. Feet extraction of the foetus is performed in 4.4% of deliveries. The frequency of Smeli-Veit assistance is 6.7%, while the Forceps was used in 0.3% of cases. High Apgar score from 8-10 have foetuses born using the methods of assistance by Bracht/Lowset and Bracht (83 85%) with high statistical significance in comparison with other three methods of manual assistance (p<0.001). There is no statistical significance concerning Apgar score between the methods of Bracht/Lowset and Bracht (p=0.59). Conclusion: By using the adequate manual assistance which is the least traumatic for the foetus we achieve better postnatal prognosis. 

The pseudoarthrosis is a pathological state of the bone when the refracted bone fragments are not connected by bone callus. The causes for the occurrence of the pseudoarthrosis may be general and lokal.In treatment we were using two methods: the bone plastic and osteosynthesis and compression osteosynthesis by Ilizarov. The aim of this work is the analysis of patients with pseudoarthrosis and results of treatment. The study included 29 patients treated for the past ten years the Department of Orthopedics Health Center Z.C.Kosovska Mitrovica.The most frequently pseudoarthrosis were in humerusu 6 (21%), ulna 6 (21%) and skafoidne bone 6 (21%). The pseudoarthrosis in tibia was treated in 4 (14%) patients, in the femur 3 (10%) patients. 2 (7%) of the patients were operated with diagnosis the medial-maleolus pseudoarthrosis of the tibia fractures and 1 (3%) patient were operated with diagnosis the maleolus pseudoarthrosis of the fibula and of the radius.We were using the treatment methods osteoplastic and osteosynthesis for 28 (97%) patients and one patient was treated with the device by Ilizarov method. Patients were monitored by the clinical way, by the radiographic way ,by laboratory way and by the functional way The average time of the monitoring was ten months .The average time of the healing was the five months. We noticed the one complications only, a lesion of the radius, which is repaired. The pseudoarthrosis is not common, in our material it is 4% of the total number of the operated patients.The most frequently pseudoarthrosis was on humerous 21% (6 patients). By applying the compressive osteosynthesis methods and osteoplastic method we have achieved the completely curring in 89% (26 operated patients). 

Helicobacter pylori infection is the largest number of infected people in the world. It is believed that 50 - 60% of world population infected, but with uneven schedule. Helicobacter pylori is the most important cause of duodenal and gastric ulcer. The prevalence of infection in different communities vary depending on geographic, racial and socioeconomic factors, and the last 10-20 years in some areas can be observed a significant reduction in the frequency of infection in both the general population and among patients with peptic ulcer. In our country, except in the territory of Vojvodina, there was no serious investigation of frequency of Helicobacter pylori infection in the general population.

Clinical praxis shows that patients with panic disorder have experienced different stressful life events which could be linked with the onset, development, and maintenance of the disorder. The aim of the study was to analyze the life events occurring one year before the onset of the panic attacks. The research has been conducted on the Psychiatry and Neurology Clinic, Clinical-Hospital Center Pristina, Gracanica. The sample consists of 84 patients with panic disorder. The data were obtained using the Questionary NIMH PQ consisting of 11 stressful life situations and a possibility for the participants to add a life event that was not included in the questionary. The standard descriptive and analytic statistic methods have been applied. The results revealed that a majority of patients (88%) have experienced some stressful life event in the period of one year before the first panic attack. The most common life event was change of life space. The second frequency has loss of job, following with death of a family member, disease, traffic accident, and continuing education moving to a different town. It can be concluded that stressful life events can be significant factors for the onset, development and maintenance of panic disorder. 

Dermatoglyphs are epidermal ridges on the volar surfaces of fingers, toes, palms and soles.Their development begins between 6th and 7th gestational week, so that critical stage of ridge differentiation occurs in the first trimester, coinciding with critical phase of embryonal development. The inheritance of epidermal ridge patterns is polygenic, often markedly affected by some environmental factors causing them to be reffered as multifactorial traits. Genetic determination, time of occurrence, stability and high individuality enable dermatoglyphic analysis to give an insight in critical stage of embryogenesis. Unusual dermatoglyphic variables are found to be significant markers in many numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations .Many investigations have proved epidermal ridges configuration analysis as a powerful additional screening method in identification of congenital anomalies, detection and prevention of different genetically caused disturbances.

Type 2 diabetes represents a progressive disease, primarily characterised by impairment of glycoregulation, despite the application of various therapy modalities. The main problem with type 2 diabetes, is progressive impairment of betacell functioning, and impairment of insulin resistance. There is an ongoing pursuit after adequate therapy modalities aiming at preservation of beta-cell function followed by loss of weight and assurance of good glycoregulation. For mentioned reasons, research has been done recently on the functioning of enteropancreatic axis in type 2 diabetes. It has been noted that oral intake of food or glucose leads to higher increase in secretion of insulin in comparison to the intake of the same quantity of glucose intravenously, resulting in assumption that hormone signals from endocrine cells of intestine released by the intake of food represent potent stimulators of insulin secretion. Such role is played by GLP-1 and GIP, GIT peptide hormons which stimulate secretion of insulin and release themselves into blood when stomach himus penetrates into duodenum, that is before glucose from himus is absorbed into internal body media. Persons with type 2 diabetes have got low level of secreted GLP-1 after meal. Chronic administration of GLP-1 agonists leads to reducing glycemia and HbA1c. The potential of GLP-1 agonists to decelerate progressive decay of beta-cells at diabetics is alluring, but insufficiently documented. DPP-IV inhibitors represent complementary approach for provoking incretin effects, by oral intake of pills.

Regulatory T cells represent unique CD4+CD25+ population of T lymphocytes, which are involved in many immunological events. These cells have very important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance, prevention of autoimmune diseases, in immunological respond to infection, particularly by intracellular microorganisms as well as in a process of tumorogenesiz. There are two populations of regulatory T cells: natural regulatory T cells - nTregs and adaptive, inducible regulatory - iTregs. They differ between each other in accordance to the place of creation, in accordance to the specificity of the T cell receptor, as well as the action mechanism. nTregs and the other T cells arise in thymus, which provides specific inductive environment for maturation and immunological education of progenitor cells to imunocompetent T cells. iTregs arise on periphery from the conventional CD4+ T cells after stimulation by antigen under the different conditions. There is number of subpopulations of iTregs and the most important are Tr1 and Th3 cells. Tr1 cells produce big amounts of interleukin 10 (IL-10), and they are called IL-10-secretory regulatory cells, whereas Th3 cells are necessary for maintenance of peripheral tolerance to mucous surfaces, through their dominant cytokine TGF-â (transforming growth factor-â) and they are most widely spread in the mucosa of the digestive tract. Previous researches have shown that regulatory T cells achieve their suppressor activity via inhibitory cytokines, cytolysis, and induction of metabolic disorders and modulation of maturation or function of dendritic cells.

Within published data, arthropathies in diabetics, alcoholics, trauma, tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia, and scleroderma are judiciously called neuropathic arthropathies (Vargazon). Main common characteristics of these arthropathies are the following: they involve one or more joints; there is edema, deformity, ulcerations, increased pigmentation and myositis ossificans (Reinhardt, Clouse, Thornhill, et al.). The most common findings in diabetes mellitus are neuroendocrine dystrophies of musculoskeletal system. Diabetic osteoarthropathy is common name that refers to rheumatic diseases that are frequently encountered in diabetics. These diseases include: Charcot joint, hyperostotic spondylosis (Forestier's disease), humeroscapular periarthropathy, Dupuytren's contracture, joint contracture with skin thickening in juvenile diabetes mellitus, etc.

Cominution of bone fragments and weakness of soft tissues dominate in cominuted fractures of ancle joint. This conditions representing big problem for proper osteofixation. Authors demonstrated external fixation tip Mitkoviæ for operative treatment of cominuted fractures of ancle in two patients. In both cases they achieved excellent functional outcome (by AOFAS score). This method distinguish easily aplication, stability of bone fragments, good biodynamic conditions. Those caracteristics provide optimal conditions for bone healing and authors recomended this method for treatment cominuted fratures of ancle.

Introduction: Upon teeth are lost, morphological and functional disorders are caused on stomatognathic system. Since a longer period of time, total dentures made on conventional way were the best choice for treating toothless patients. Because of specific configuration of the toothless lower jaw, patients with total dentures mostly suffer problems with lower jaw total denture. From the time when osseointegration was applied as a successful clinical concept, implants have been used as well as for retention and stabilization of the total dentures. Case report: 66 years old male patient underwent surgery where implant-prosthetics rehabilitation of lower jaw is attained with application of four Bredent mini implants, used for retention and rehabilitation of total acrylic denture. The overall process was completed in one session within approximately one and a half hours, with the regular post surgical care and immediate load of implants. Conclusion: Taking into consideration simplicity, safety and non invasive procedure of placing mini implants, as well as their effect on improving quality of life of toothless patients, and economic aspect, we can conclude that along with classical and small implants they present future and method of choice for the rehabilitation of toothless patients.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation by a tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus which represent significant healthcare problem in Montenegro as in many other regions of the earth. The incidence in Montenegro is 4.57/100.000. Communications with bile ducts is one of the most frequent complications of the hydatid disease. Wide communications can be followed with cholangitis and obstructive jaundice. We presented 51 years old patient with obstructive jaundice and hydatid cyst of the liver. Total pericystectomy is golden standard of the surgical treatment, which is, unfortunately possible only in 6-10% of the cases. The usage of the intraoperative ultrasound is standard procedure.

Combustion are hypothermic injuries that can occur due to the contact with electricity, chemicals, dry heat, hot liquid and gas, and radiation. In this work there is a 52 year old patient that was treated from combustion on her both feet and her lower legs. Previously, she was treated as an outpatient in a period of 30 days. For the first time in our department we used hydrofiber bandage with Aquacel Ag silver in treating combustion on patient's diabetic foot. These bandages are impregnated with silver that has antimicrobial effect on a huge variety of bacteria. It soaks in a big amount of liquid and bacteria and it helps in removing necrotic tissue from the wound making autolysis debridement. The patient was treated for 35 days on general surgery department. She was released from the hospital in good general condition and with neat local finding. 

Hydropneumothorax is a patological condition of pleura characterised by presence of both liquid and air, rarely of gas between two pleura laminae.According to the origin,it can be result of a disease or a trauma. A typical roentgenogram is obtained during radiography in a standing position and PA projection: horizontal level of liquid represented by homogeneous shadow merging with diaphragm shadow and avascular light without visible parenchyma above the liquid level. The authors present two cases of hydropneumothorax. The first case is about hydropneumothorax originated after several repeated tapping of pleural effusion of malignant etiology. In the second case, hydropneumothorax is a thorax injury complication. Hydropneumothorax rarely appears in practice, and diagnosis is fast and accurate just based on clinical picture and standard lung radiography.