The emergence of brain infarction depends to a great extent on the status of collateral blood circulation and is associated with hemodynamic instability. This kind of brain infarction is usually found in border vascular zones. Infarction of borderline fields arises between vascular territories ACA and ACM or between ACM and ACP, deep paraventricular infarcts in internal border zones, wound or triangular cortical infarcts, as well as major infarctions involving the entire irrigated territory of ACM.
Damasio H. A computed tomographic guide to the identification of cerebral vascular territories. Arch Neurol. 40:138–42.
2.
Seiler A, Jurcoane A, Magerkurth J. T2-weighted imaging within perfusion-restricted tissue in high-grade occlusive carotid disease. Stroke. 43:1831–6.
3.
Derdeyn CP, Khosla A, Videen TO. Severe hemodynamic impairment and border zone-region infarction. Radiology. 220:195–201.
4.
Eliasziw M, Kennedy J, Hill MD. Early risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack in patients with internal carotid artery disease. CMAJ. 170:1105–9.
5.
Moore WS. Surgical significance and management of the ulcerated carotid plaque. :199–212.
6.
Blackwood W, Hallpike JF, Kocen RS, Mair WGP. Atheromatous disease of the carotid arterial system and embolism from the heart in cerebral infarction: a morbid anatomical study. Brain. 92:897–906.
7.
Rajiv Mangla BK, Almast J, Ekholm SE. Border Zone Infarcts: Pathophysiologic and Imaging Characteristics. RadioGraphics. 31:1201–14.
8.
Rockman CB, Hoang H, Guo Y. The prevalence of carotid artery stenosis varies significantly by race. J Vasc Surg. 57:327–37.
9.
Hogberg D, Kragsterman B, Bjorck M. Carotid artery atherosclerosis among 65-year-old Swedish men: a population-based screening study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 48:5–10.
10.
Moore WS. Fundamental Considerations in Cerebrovascular Disease. In: Vascular Surgery. p. 1882–96.
11.
Norrving B. Oxford Textbook of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease.
12.
Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR, Donnan GA, Hennerici MG. New approach to stroke subtyping: the ASCO (phenotypic) classification of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 27(5):502–8.
13.
The European Stroke Organization (ESO) Executive Committee and the ESO Writing Committee. In: Guidelines for Management of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack 2008.
14.
Momjian-Mayor I, Baron JC. The pathophysiology of watershed infarction in internal carotid artery disease. Stroke. 36:567–77.
15.
Hiroshi Y, Takashi K, Yoshihiko K. Selective neuronal damage and borderzone infarction in carotid artery occlusive disease: A 11 C-Flumanezil PET study. J Nucl Med. 46:1973–9.
16.
Caplan LR. Caplan’s Stroke: A Clinical Approach.
17.
Reinhard M, Gerds TA, Grabiak D, Zimmermann PR, Roth M, Guschlbauer B, et al. Cerebral dysautoregulation and the risk of ischemic events in occlusive carotid artery disease. J Neurol. 255(8):1182–9.
18.
Markus HS, King A, Shipley M, Topakian R, Cullinane M, Reihill S, et al. Asymptomatic embolisation for prediction of stroke in the Asymptomatic Carotid Emboli Study (ACES): a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol. 9(7):663–71.
19.
Gavrilescu T, Carlos C. Clinical stroke syndromes: clinical-anatomical correlations. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev. 7(218).
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.