Despite progress in conventional pharmacology in producing effective drugs, the plant kingdom might provide a useful source of new anti-ulcer compounds for development pharmaceutical entities or, alternatively, as simple dietary adjuncts to existing therapies. Botanical compounds with anti-ulcer activity include flavonoids(i.e.quercetin, naringin, silymarin, anthocyanosides, sophoradin derivatives) saponins (i.e. from Panax japonicus and Kochia scoparia), tannins (i.e. from Linderae umbellatae), gums and mucilages (i.e. gum guar and myrrh). This article reviews the gastro-protective and anti-ulcer properties of the most commonly employed herbal medicines and their identified active constituents. Among herbal drugs, liquorice, aloe gel and capsicum (chilli) have been used extensively and their clinical efficacy documented, but тhe documented literature has centred primarily on pharmacological action in experimental animals.

Transition of xenobiotics from blood into brain tissue is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a very selective functional barrier that excludes penetration of various substances, while allowing essential nutrients to enter into CNS. Transport of drugs through the intact BBB depends of their physico-chemical characteristics, the way of drug application and of anatomical and functional integrity of the barrier. The aim of this work was to examine penetration of quinine and lysinacetylsalicilate in vivo through the rat BBB, after the intraarterial injection via the a. axillaris in the course to CNS. The
experiment was done on anaesthetized Wistar rats, body weight 200-300 g. Test animals received injection of quinine (25 mg/kg) or LAS (90 mg/kg). Blood from the left jugular vein and brain samples (brain stem, cerebellum, right and left cerebral hemispheres) were taken in four minutes period. Quinine concentrations in rat brain were higher than in blood (ratio between blood/brain concentration was <1) while LAS concentrations in blood were permanently higher, according to their liposolubility. Maximal concentration in the brain tissue of both drugs are time dependent which indicated the useness of an active transport

The pustula maligna is most often clinical form of antrax. Disease is today a relative Rarity, but its appearance (sporadic or in epidemia) always to be surprised, especially in the biology war. Antrax have a big significant and today, we analyzed clinical findings of pustula maligna and its differential diagnosis. 

One the of most importante charactersistics of drug is a drug safety. However, there is no absolute safety. Medicines are troughly tested in controlled clinical trials with limiting population and short duration. Experience has shown that much of our knowledge about a medicine becomes available during the subsequent prescribing practice. Therefore there is a need for continued monitoring medicines after granting of product licence for a new drug (phrmacovigilance). WHO international system for drug safety monitoring as maintained by the Upsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) in Sweden, has built up vastedatabase of reports of suspect adverse drug reactions, coming from national centres in 75 countries in all of the world. The international system products valuable information from countries around the world, to support regulatory follow-up and decision-making. Emphasis is on those signals that may remain at the national level, because of small numbers or absence of local reports. The aim of the WHO's international pharmacovigilance program is a safe and rational medicines evrywhere. In Serbia as of 2005. National Medical Devices Agency is acting on behalf of the Ministry of Health as National Centre for Adverse Drug Reactions. The form for reporting adverse effects of medicines, in both pre-marketing and post-marketing phase can be found and downloaded in Word format on the Agency`s web site www.alims.sr.gov.yu.

Reactive products of oxygen are among the most potent and omnipresent threats faced by the living organism. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and peroxy radical, can arise from toxic insults or normal metabolic processes. These species may perturb the cell's natural antioxidant defence systems, resulting in damage to all of the major classes of biological macromolecules, including nuclear acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Oxidative stress has been defined as a disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, resulting in potential cell damage. It has been implicated in several biological and pathological processes like ageing, inflammation, carcinogenesis, ischemia-reperfusion and in diseases including diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and/or neurodegenerative diseases

Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease .in United States , Europa and Japan. Approximately 40% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 5-15% of patients with type 2 diabetes eventually develop end-stage renal disease. Risk factors for development of diabetic nephropathy include hyperglycemia, hypertension, positive family history of nephropathy and hypertension, and smoking. Key elements in the primary care of diabetes include glycemic control, blood pressure control, and screening for microalbuminuria. In general, the goal for glycemic control is a blood glucose level as close to normal (HbA C <7%) . Blood pressure control is at least as important as glucose control, especially after the onset of 1 renal damage, and blood pressure should be consistently <130/85. Screening for diabetic nephropathy involves monitoring at least yearly for urinary albumin excretion >30 mg per day. Microalbuminuria is defined as the urinary excretion of 30300 mg of albumin per day. Both glycemic control and rigorous control of blood pressure have significant impact on prevention and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Identification of patients with microalbuminuria selects a population of patients with increased mortality. Microalbuminuria screening should begin at the time of diagnosis. ACE inhibitors should be used when microalbuminuria is present regardless of the presence or absence of hypertension in type 1 diabetes and are widely.
used in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes, as well.The effect of ACE inhibitors is probably not only via lowered
systemic blood pressure but also via direct effects on intraglomerular hemodynamics. 

In average 2% cases cause of blindness are mechanical injuries of the eye. This retrospective study was conducted in a 6 years period (from 1990 to 1995). Regarding to demographic data (74% were male with domination of children up to 6 years old of among age structure 151 patients, or 23%;The most numerous were pupils and students (247 or 37%).1% of patient were injured both eyes in the same time. The most common cause of eye trauma was wood (28%) and during the playing time (48%) and at home (27%). At 25 patients evisceration and enucleation were performed. Visual acuity was satisfied or good at 52% patients at the reception but on admission result was better: 68%

Nowadays, hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy are routine methods of exploration of the oviduct passability.The tests were made at department of infertility at the Gynecology and Obstretics Institute of Clinical Center of Serbia in the period from 01.01. untill 31.12.1998. The three hundred patients, on which hysterosalpingography (HSG) was made, and patients, on which chromolaparoscopy was made, were involved by prospectus studies. The analysis shows, that between hysterosalpingographical and laparoscopical investigation of the passability of the oviducts there exists an extremely high statistical difference in the distributions of findings of particular modalities of the passability of the oviduct. Two-way passability of the oviducts with growths of tissue has been established in a higher percentage in the patients who were examined laparoscopically, while the other alternations have been diagnosed hysterographically i a higher percentage. A statistical processing of data resulted in a significantly high statistical difference in the patients with two-way occlusion of the oviducts, whereas for other modalities no statistically significant difference has been established. The most researchers describe high perccentages of growths of tissue, from 64,0% to 72,0%, which have not been established by HSG. Growths of tissue have been confirmed by this investigation in a high percentage (70,0%). Establishing the passability of the oviducts is particularly important for further treatment of the patients.

Pruritus is one of the commonest symptoms of dermatologic appearances in uraemic syndrome and it occurs in 90% of patients on dialysis with different etiology and pathophysiology. The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of uraemic pruritus and the comparison with clinical and biochemical parameters in 124 patients treated by chronicle haemodialysis at Department of Haemodialysis, Urology and Nephrology Clinic, Clinical Center “Kragujevac”. The routine laboratory analyzes were carried out in examined patients and the concentration of parathyroid hormone was determined. The study was based on data from history of disease and  questionnaire carried out in all patients. Of 124 patients, 65,3% were male and 34,7% were female, mean age of 55,98±12,94 years; the mean time on HD was 55,5 ±50,4 months. 46,8% of examined patients had symptoms of uraemic pruritus. Uraemic syndrome and uraemic complications, manifested by the concentration of urea, 21,57±7,56 vs. 22,93±5,754; p=0,05 and time on dialysis, 67,27±60,07 vs. 43,64±36,84; p=0,02, are the significant parameters of uraemic pruritus. Serum concentration of iron 15,16±8,03 vs. 11,73±6,21; p=0,05 and UIBC 25,12±10,6 vs. 30,45±9,86; p=0,04, as well as hyperglycemia 6,16±2,516 vs. 6,82±2,872; p=0,02 are significantly correlated with uraemic pruritus. There was a statistically significant difference in albumin concentration 35,84±9,09 vs. 37,72± 3,105; p=0,05 but our results were reverse to the data in literature where the reported albumin level was higher in patients with uraemic pruritus. 27,6% of examined patients had itching of all the body what is in correlation with literature. Between the patients with localized itching and patients with generalized itching, there are statistical significance in following: number of erythrocytes 2,4±0,96 vs. 2,7±0,6; p=0,02, concentration of hemoglobin 78,53±31,44 vs. 89,36±19,81; p=0,05, hematocrit 0,23±0,089 vs. 0,26±0,057; p=0,02 and TIBC 29,45±12,01 vs. 34±4,86; p=0,02, as well as concentration of glycemia 5,38±2,52 vs. 6,42±2,12; p=0,01.

In period of ten years from o1.01.1990- till the 30.06.1999 on the University clinic of Gynecology and Obstetric in Pristina there were 2474 repeted cesarean section. With two S.C. were 2041, with three S.C. were 343, with the four S.C. 74 and with the five S.C. were 16 women. Intraoperation risck in repeated S.C. was defined with preasants of the erly intraoperation complicatios such as (hysterectomia caesarea, lesio vesicae urinariae and laesio intestini). We separate the early intraoperations in the women with the second and third S.C., and early intraoperation complications in the women with the fourth and fifth S.C. Results of the study showes that there were no statistical important differences.