Ahernia occurs when the contents of a body cavity bulge out of the area where they are normally contained. These contents, usually portions of intestine or abdominal fatty tissue, are often enclosed in the thin membrane that naturally lines the inside of the cavity. Although the term hernia can be used for bulges in other areas, it most often is used to describe hernias of the lower torso (abdominal wall hernias). Hernias by themselves usually are harmless, but nearly all have a potential risk of having their blood supply cut off (becoming strangulated). If the hernia sac contents have their blood supply cut off at the hernia opening in the abdominal wall, it becomes a medical and surgical emergency. Aims of the paper were: 1. to reveal the prevalence of inguinal region hernias (IRH) among all patients being admitted to emergency ward of Surgery Clinic at Gracanica during 2006 and 2. to show treatment efficacy of each surgical methods used. Material and method: Clinical
Center Pristine, Surgery Clinic at Gracanica patients' medical records were analyzed. Prevalence of IRH was monitored during the time frame of 1 year (2006). Basic statistical methods were applied for data analyzing. Results and discussion: During the time observed, 504 patients underwent surgical treatment. Among them, 162 patients (32,14%) were operated on inguinal region hernias. IRHs were more prevalent in males - 146 cases (90,12%) in comparison to 16 cases in females
(9,88%). During the certain time period, IRHs were more prevalent in adults 101 cases (62,35%) than in children 61 cases (37,65%). The vast majority of all operated hernias, belong to group of inguinal hernias 156 cases (96,30%). At the same time, there were only 6 cases (3,70%) of femoral hernias. This observation is in concordance with the data published worldwide inguinal hernias make up 75% of all abdominal wall hernias and occur up to 25 times more often in men than women.
The study, also, revealed incarcerated hernia (part of the intestine or abdominal tissue that becomes trapped in the sac of a hernia) in 6 patients (3,70%) while recurrent hernia was found in 3 patients (1,85%). The most frequently used surgical approaches were: i) Ferrary method in 54 patients (33,33%; ii) Lichtenstein method in 42 patients (25,93%), and iii) Bassini method in 35 patients (22,22%). Postoperative complications were noted in 3 patients (1,85%). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, one may conclude that efficacy of surgical method used in treatment of IRH is in indirect relation with the number of postoperative recidives the higher the number of hernia recurrences, the lower the efficacy of surgical method is

Elementary mercury using as cathode in process chlorine-alkali electrolyze. Mercury vapor makes in process going in work setting atmosphere. Aim of the work is to examine whether symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings are in the correlation with work in the chlorine-alkali electrolyze. Examination of air pollution work setting discovers that the major factor of air pollution is mercury vapor. On periodical view at 2000, 2002 and 2004 year was examine 571 respondent, and their diagnosis was entered in report, from which was separated symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings. Workers on different workplaces are exposes in different degrees. Examinees were divided in a four group according to the grade of exposure: I group day by day exposed; II group sporadically exposed; III group earlier exposed; IV group not exposed. I, II and III group are workers which work in the process chlorine-alkali electrolyze. IV group was control group and her compose administration personal. The statistical testing differences of frequency between groups according to the grade of exposure is showed there is statistical significantly difference between I and III, and II and IV groups. We are concludes that symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, statistically significantly, there is in persons which are permanently and long term worked in the chlorine-alkali electrolyze setting, from persons which are not permanently expose or nonexpose

Of 130 examined women who had not undergone a cytological and colposcopy check-up for at least a year, there were positive colposcopy: mosaic 39 (30,00 %), atipic vascularisation 15 (11,54 %) and suspect of invasive cervical cancer 1 (0,77 %). While the invasive carcinoma was ascertained most frequently at the ages of 40 to 59. The frequent incidence of severe displasia in subjects is 2,31 %, microinvasive cervical cancer 1,45 %, and the incidence of the invasive carcinoma is 3,85%.

Diabetes mellitus is a typical example for connection betwen sickness of internal organs and the skin. The ratio betwen glycose level in a gram of skin and the amount of glycose in a mililiter of blood is higher in diabetes mellitus then normal. This implies that insulin regulates intracelular distribution of glycose in the skin. It is recessary for the keratinocyt growth and diferentiation, healing of wounds, but also for the fibroblast functioning in the derm. In diabetes mellitus acidofil is lowered, and glycolised colagen is increased, and fibroblasts in the extra produce fibronectin. Skin and visible mucosys infections caused by candida albicans in diabetes patients belong to the group of deseases that could be a consequence of a disbalanced metabolism. They are seen frequently, but not patognomic for these patients, becuse they are also possible in people whose metabolism is normal. Badly controlled or undiagnosed dibetes mellitus is often coupled with candida induced skin deseases. Sometimes candida infections are the first sign of diabetes. Dermatologist is often in position to discover the disease on the basis of skin symptoms, which gives possibility for regulation of the sickness on time and avoid complications. It is known that complications develop slower when diabetes is regulated. Skin alterations in candidiasys and its connection with diabetes are described briefly, with an attempl to explain patogenesys of their apearence.

The tests were made at deparment of infertility at the Gynecology and Obstretics Institute of Clinical Center of Serbia in the period from 01.01. untill 31.12.1998. The three hundred patients, on which hysterosalpingography (HSG) was made, and patients, on which chromolaparoscopy was made, were involved by prospectus studies. In the laparoscopy the larger anomalies of the uterus and significant hypoplasy coincide with HSG finding, while hypoplasy in the lower level or uterus arcuatus always can not be established by laparoscopy.The higher frequency of all pathological alterations of the uterus, except the myoma of the uterus, was established by HSG, relating to laparoscopy. Associate pathological alterations were established in the higher percent by HSG than by the laparoscopy, while the single changes were diagnosed in the lower percent.The deficit in the loading of the uterus by the constrast medium, also the changes at the endometrium, could be proved by HSG only. Intravasation can be identified by the both methods. In the diagnosis of the myoma of the uterus, laparoscopy is more important method than HSG.Pathological alterations of the uterus, especially higher anomalies of the uterus and hypoplasy were established in the higher percent by HSG than by the laparoscopy, but statistically the more significant difference was not established in the application of the both methods

Haemodialysis, as a drastic medical procedure, needs a modern technology for performing of qualitative depurative process. Trying to imitate a function of healthy kidneys, it provides survival without one vital organ. The aim of the study was a qualitative estimation by comparing laboratory and clinical parameters of one-year haemodialysis treatment with different dialysis methods. In all patients treated with chronicle haemodialysis in Dialysis Centre in Kosovaska Mitrovica, we performed a set of laboratory analyses, recorded hepatotrophic viruses and determined a quality of haemodialysis by the degree of urea elimination. There are 16 patients on chronicle haemodialysis, 11 female (68,75%) and 5 male (31,25); mean age, 52,46±16,89 years, mean time on dialysis was 58±51,835. An increase of hemoglobin concentration was correlated with bicarbonate heamodialysis initiation. (61,692±19,405 vs. 75.466±13,814; p=0,038). Cholesterol (5,32±1,522 vs. 4,34± 1,006; p=0,0481) and inorganic phosphorus (1,427±0,2327 vs. 1,692±0,260; p=0,0056) are biochemical factors that are in a reverse correlation with bicarbonate haemodialysis in our patients. The degree of urea elimination as a measure for haemodialysis adequacy was statistically significant indicator of an adequate dialysis and was correlated with bicarbonate haemodialysis initiation (t=8,571; df=1; p=0,0389)

Ocular changes at the patients on dialysis are numerous but unique,too. They are caused by primary end-stage renal disease, influence of dialysing itself and regular co-morbid condition. Purpose of this study is to indicate specific ocular finding among patients who are on dialysis. This prospective study assessed 81 patients on regular, chronic dialysis. They underwent complete ophthalmologic examination. The most common findings were the following: conjunctival calcification (53 eyes), cataract (43 eyes) and retinal microangio-pathies(atherosclerotic, hypertensive and occlusive-in total 168 eyes). All findings mentioned above were statistically significant (p<0. 001) regarding to normal population. Ophthalmologist must be familiar with those abnormalities what is necessary for pointing out on special systemic co-morbid condition at the patients on dialysis.

Transition of xenobiotics from blood into brain tissue is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a very selective functional barrier that excludes penetration of various substances, while allowing essential nutrients to enter into CNS. Transport of drugs through the intact BBB depends of their physico-chemical characteristics, the way of drug application and of anatomical and functional integrity of the barrier. The aim of this work was to examine penetration of quinine and lysinacetylsalicilate in vivo through the rat BBB, after the intraarterial injection via the a. axillaris in the course to CNS. The
experiment was done on anaesthetized Wistar rats, body weight 200-300 g. Test animals received injection of quinine (25 mg/kg) or LAS (90 mg/kg). Blood from the left jugular vein and brain samples (brain stem, cerebellum, right and left cerebral hemispheres) were taken in four minutes period. Quinine concentrations in rat brain were higher than in blood (ratio between blood/brain concentration was <1) while LAS concentrations in blood were permanently higher, according to their liposolubility. Maximal concentration in the brain tissue of both drugs are time dependent which indicated the useness of an active transport

Glucagon is polypeptide hormone derived from pancreas which in addition to its metabolic actions has also certain cardiovascular stimulatory effects. We've explored the effects of glucagon on hemodynamic variables (mean arterial pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure) and on catecholamine level and the electrolite level in the kanine sera. It was estimated that glucagon expressed the positive chronotropic effect and significantly lowers the central venous pressure while inconsiderably inceases mean arterial blood pressure. It also leads to transient (short-lasting) hipokaliemia and nonsignificant hipocalcemia. As the result of the action of the glucagone, the serum adrenaline concentrations were significantly increased while the serum noradrenaline concentratios were significantly decreased

By this investigation an attempt has been done to explain the existence of fear in adolescents from stomatological treatment, by appraisal of fear through its two components (congenitive and physiological). Congenitive component of fear,
was followed by written questionnaire before the first stomatologic intervention (by the standard scale of general anxiety). In the investigation participated 100 adolescents. On the basis of analysis of the question mark the adolescents have been
placed into three groups: normal, pathological and increasingly anxious. During third visit (three stomatologic interventions) each patient was recived the placebo (vitamin C one half of the tablet, orally, 30 minutes before start of work of stomatology interventions which were identical, i.e. the sanitation of deep carries). Physiological component (sweating and voice) have been appraised by the method of clinical observation. All parameters were measured before all three stomatologic interventions. In this investigation, in parameters measured by clinical observation happened a diminution of strong small of sweating, trembling voice stammering in occasion of application of placebo therapy