Strenuous exercises greatly increase oxygen consumption in the whole body, especially in skeletal muscles. Large part of oxygen consumption is reduced to H2O and ATP, but smaller part (2-5%) results in an increased leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial respiratory chain, forming various reactive oxygen species-ROS (02, H2O,iOH). These free ra- dicals are capable of triggering a chain of damaging biochemical and physiological reactions (oxidative stress, lipid peroxi- dation), as a base for skeletal muscles damage after exercise. MDA (malondialdehyde) is a marker of exercise induced lipid peroxidation process. L-ascorbic acid is a major aqueous-phase antioxidant. To estimate antioxidant role of ascorbic acid we use rate between dehydroascorbate and ascorbate. In this paper those markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA, MDA ind, % ind MDA), and ascorbic acid status (ascorbic acid Asc, ascorbat A, dehidroascorbat DHA, DHA/A) were determinated in 30 stu- dents, in rest and after treadmill running protocol (Bruce Treadmill Protocol). It was found that after the treadmill test, plas- ma MDA level had increased from 3,04 to 4,39 M/L (p<0,0001) and % ind MDA decreased significantly from 35% to 24,7% (p=0,0003). Plasma ascorbic acid was also found to be higher after the treadmill test comparing to rest level (from 55,4 to 67,6 μM/L). DHA/A level in rest was 1,62 and after treadmill test it increased to 2,05 (p=0,0014). These results suggests that strenuous exercise increased process of lipid peroxidation (MDA †, % ind MDA), but in the same time incre- ased ascorbic acid level in plasma and DHA/A rate indicates stronger activation of nonenzymatic antioxidant defense system.

Cephalosporins are bactericidal antibiotics that are active against a wide variety of Gram(+) and Gram(-) aerobic bacteria, along with a few anaerobic species. Adverse effects of cephalosporins are uncommon and reversible. Cefalotin and cefaloridine exhibit a nephrotoxic effect and might cause renal tubule necrosis. No data about the nephrotoxicity of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone has been presented in literature so far. When cephalosporins are applied via intramuscular injection a local reaction is possible, whereas with IV administration thrombophlebitis develops in about 5% of all cases. Hypersensitivity reactions, as well as some hematological disorders (thrombocytosis, leukopenia, neutropenia) might also occur. Cephalosporins were found to sometimes cause an augmentation of transaminase (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and, less frequently, bilirubin levels, too. The goal of this study was to evaluate the creatinine values in the serum of patients hospitalised in Kosovska Mitrovica Health Centre. The values were determined before, within and after 7 days of cephalosporin administration (cefotaxime 2x1000mg IM; ceftriaxone 2x1000mg IV). Data concerning certain hematological and biochemical variables will be presented as well. Creatinine levels were measured by the Jaffe reaction method. Both cefotaxime and ceftriaxone yielded a statistically significant increase of the serum creatinine values. As these cephalosporins do not show a nephrotoxic effect, the increase can be explained by the interference of sodium picramate, a byproduct of the Jaffe reaction which is produced regardless of whether the process is manual or automated.

Many research projects that deal with the transformations of morphological characteristics have pointed out their extensive complexity, considering the fact that they are the result of genetic factors (endogenic influence) as well as factors pertaining to the environment (exogenic factors), where it is necessary to point out that the influence of genetic factors is not the same for all of the latent morphological dimensions. Òhe different positions of the biacromial and bicristal range in the latent and taxonomic structure of morphological characteristics that have contributed to the actualization of the problem of the relation between the first and second horizontal axis of the body, as well as their relations to the other components of morphological status. Taking that viewpoint, we defined the aim of this research to identify those morphological characteristics which are to the greatest extent related to the development of the horizontal axes. Using a sample of 130 athletes, handball players (N=70) and soccer players (N=60), aged 16 to 27, all of whom play in national leagues, and using a system of 21 anthropometric variables, we analyzed the relations between the first and second horizontal axis of the body, and their connection to the development of the remaining morphological characteristics. The first horizontal axis was defined as the biacromial range and the other as the bicristal range, while the remaining morphological characteristics were defined as the 19 standard measurements of longitudinal and transversal dimensionality, volume and body mass, and subcutaneous fatty tissue. When calculating the connection between the first and second horizontal axis and the remaining variables of the morphological system, we used the Pearson correlation coefficient. In addition, we calculated the dimorphism index for the biacromial and bicristal range as the point of the biserial correlation between the peripheral types of sport and every horizontal axis. It has been determined that in the case of handball players, it is possible to talk of biacromial and bicristal variants of an ectomesomorphic body type, while in the case of soccer players, of a biacromial variant of an ectomorphic type and a bicristal variant of an endomesomorphic body type. Both in the case of the biacromial and bicristal range, the dimorphism is pronounced among athletes who belong to different populations. 

Allergic disease are actual pathologic condition in medicine. From this diseases can get ill people of any age, both sex, and the number of patients with allergic diseases rapidly increase in countries of progressive world. This disease are wide - spread, with tendency of increase, and they can have fatal result in extreme cases. Because of high prevalence of morbidity and complications they have, allergic diseases are health problem. According to World allergic organization, more than 40 % of population in world will be atopic. In our environment this diseases are increasing, because of bad ecological condition from one side, and from the other side of genetic influence, and on the top of ladder are allergic diseases of respiratory system. The mayor key process in atopia is continuous and plentiful production of IgE antibody. 

Hyperplasia in goiter may be associated with altered apoptosis thyrocytes. There are numerous techniques for the detection and quantification of apoptosis. Some of them were light microscopy, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, studying the activities of caspase, DNA fragmentation and so on. In patients with multinodular endemic goiter after six months of iodine load, number of apoptotic thyrocytes increased by ten times, Bcl-2 is missing and Bax appeared in thyrocytes. Excess iodine in molecular form causes apoptosis in thyrocytes creating free radicals, mitochondrial damage and release of cytochrome c. Research shows that the level of sFas in the serum of patients with multinodular goiter increased compared to normal controls, it can still point to the reduced expression of Fas protein on the surface of cells that then leads to increased thyroid cell proliferation. Further study of apoptosis in goiter combined morphological and biochemical methods are important for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

In clinical hyperkalemia, correlation between plasma K and the ECG is less reliable. A tall, peaked, symmetrical T wave with a narrow base, the so-called "tented" T wave is the earlinest ECG abnormality, usually best seen in leads II, III, V2, V3, and V4. The tented appearance and the narrow base are probably more characteristic of hyperkalemia than is the amplitude of the T wave. A decrease in amplitude of the R wave, appearance of a prominent S wave, widening of the QRS complex, depression of the ST segment evolve as plasma K approaches 8-9m Eq/liter. With hyperkaliemia, depression of intraventricular conduction is characteristically diffuse and results in prolongation of both the initial and terminal parts of the QRS complex. The resulting pattern may resemble RBBB, LBBB, left anterior or posterior divisional block, or a combination of the four.

Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biguanides lower blood glucose levels primarily by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. Metformin also helps to lower blood glucose levels by making muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbe. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of metformin on insulin secretion in obese patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2. We included 40 patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, who were treated on Department for Internal Disease in Hospital King Milutin Laplje Selo. Patients included in the study were newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2, glycemia < 12 mmol/L, and hed the Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2. They were treated with metformin, 1000 mg/day. Insulin sensitivity was determined by HOMA IR, insulin secretion by HOMA, lipid status by spectrophotometry. After six months of treatment blood biochemistry tested again. BMI was also established. Metformin significantly lowered BMI (BMI before therapy 31.02 kg/m2, after treatment 28.7 kg/m2) (both p<0,001 vs baseline) waist circumference mean value 98±0.55 cm-93,12 cm. (p<0,001) During the therapy the glycaemia decreased from 11.7 mmol - 6,78 mmol/l, insulinemia mean value 20.141 mlU/l -13.691, HOMA IR elevated in all patients. Among the cholesterol fractions, most significant results were obtained in LDL cholesterol. Mean LDL cholesterol levels 4.51± 2.02 mmol/L. Mean cholesterol level 6.98±2.31 mmol/L. HDL levels -1.32 mmol/L. Serum triglycerides was (mean) 2.63±1.32mmol/L. After six months therapy Metformin produces beneficial changes in lipid states. Metformin may be the first therapeutic option in the diabetes mellitus type 2 with overweight or obesity. Metformin produces beneficial changes in glycemia control, and moderated in weight, lipids and insulinemia. 

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a myocardial disease, often familial, that is characterised pathologically by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium, and clinically by ventricular arrhythmias of right ventricular origin which may lead to sudden death, mostly in young people and athletes. The term "dysplasia" was originally used to describe an entity that was considered to be the result of a developmental defect of the right ventricular myocardium.

The combination of aspirin and ticlopidine has been proven to reduce the frequency of haemorrhagic and vascular complications after coronary artery stenting, but also can cause serious hematological side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and interactions aspirin and ticlopidine on hematological variables. Thirty two Wistar rats were divided in four groups and they received intraperitoneal one of the following treatments for 4 days: group I - control, group II aspirin (50 mg/kg BM), group III - ticlopidine (125 mg/kg/day) and group IV - aspirin+ticlopidine combination (50 mg/kg/day+125 mg/kg/day). Hematological variables were determined at once after taking the sample of blood. Relationship between measured variables was determined by calculating linear correlation coefficient (r). The hematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell were significantly decreased in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination compared to control (p< 0,05). Neutrophil and platelet count weren't significantly different in treated groups, but were slightly decreased in groups treated with ticlopidine and aspirin+ticlopidine combination. Between hematocrit and platelet count in control group of rats was noticed negative and medium correlation (r=-0,41), in groups treated with ticlopidine and aspirin+ticlopidine combination positive and medium correlation (r=0,52; r=0,69). Based on obtained results it can be observed significant decreased hematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination. The negative correlation between hematocrit and platelet count in control group becomes positive after the treatment with ticlopidine alone and aspirin+ticlopidine combination.

Biological equality assessments are carried out by means of: a) comparative pharmacokinetic study; b) comparative pharmacodynamic study; c) controlled comparative clinical experimentation; d) comparative in vitro assay (dissolution test). The first method mentioned, i.e. determining the concentration of a drug in the blood of healthy volunteers, is the most accurate and most frequently employed. In this paper, a study conducted on healthy volunteers that displays the possibility of evaluating biological equality using pharmacodynamic variable data, giving the example of such assay of retard tablets of verapamil produced by two different companies, is presented. Taking into account the effects of this drug, biological equivalence was proved by comparing pharmacodynamic variables such as PR interval, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.