Koštani markeri su veoma korisno dijagnostiško sredstvo, mada je njihova klinička upotreba ograničena specifičnim tehničkim i analitičkim aspektima, kao i njihovom pre-analitičkom varijabilnošću. Koštani markeri, za razliku od mineralne gustine kosti, ukazuju na posebne aspekte kvaliteta kostiju, te stoga nude zasebnu i prognostičku perspektivu u ispitivanju promena mineralne gustine kosti I smanjivanju rizika od fraktura. Smanjenje nivoa koštanih markera usko je povezano sa smanjenjem rizika od frakture vratnih pršljenova usled korišćenja raloksifena, rizedronata i alendronata. Postoje brojne mogućnosti za korišćenje ovih markera u kratkoročnom praćenju toka lečenja osteoporoze, pored merenja mineralne koštane gustine, kako bi se otkrili pacijenti koji ne reaguju na terapiju.

Deca i adolescenti koji su u sistemu socijalne zaštite, naročito deca u domskom smeštaju, predstavljaju vulnerabilnu populaciju sklonu mentalnim poremećajima. Zadatak ovog rada je da se procene anksiozni poremećaji dece i adolescenata u domskom smeštaju u okviru sistema socijalne zaštite. Studijom je obuhvaćeno 229 dece uzrasta od 8 do18 godina - 111 dece iz domskog smeštaja i 118 iz opšte populacije. Za procenu, otkrivanje i pretragu anksioznosti i anksioznih poremećaja primenjen je SCARED upitnik. Za obradu podataka korišćeni su deskriptivni statistički metod, Pirsonov x2-test i multivarijabilna regresiona analiza. Dobijeni podaci su statistički obrađeni, a rezultati pokazuju da su kod 41,4% dece i adolescenata iz domskog smeštaja postojali značajni anksiozni simptomi. Deca i adolescenti iz domskog smeštaja, u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu, imali su mnogo višu prevalenciju anksioznih simptoma. Multivarijabilna regresiona analiza je pokazala da deca iz domskog smeštaja imaju od 4 do 8 puta veći rizik da razviju neki od anksioznih simptoma u odnosu na adolescente u domskom smeštaju. Prevalencija mentalnih poremećaja u vidu anksioznih simptoma je visoka kod dece i adolescenata koji su u domskom smeštaju sistema socijalne zaštite Republike Srbije u odnosu na decu i adolescente u opštoj populaciji.

Researches with micronutrients are getting more and more important in science and also in practice. In this view zinc, chromium, copper and selenium are having a special role in preventing micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications, as integral components of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) and also as cofactor of enzymes and hormones involved in the metabolism of glucose and lipid. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects different doses of zinc on glycemia and parameters of antioxidative defense: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant status (TAS), and correlation glycoregulation with antioxidant system of the alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. The study was conducted on fourteen New Zealand rabbits of both sexes, weighing 2 to 3.5 kg. Experimental diabetes was induced in rabbits by intravenous injection of alloxan (80 mg /kg BW). Three weeks after induced experimental diabetes, rabbits were treated orally appropriate doses of chelated zinc: I dose - 15 mg, after a washout period (10 t ), II dose - 25 mg, af- 1/2 ter a washout period, III dose - 50 mg. Blood samples were taken at specific time intervals: before alloxan induced diabetes, after alloxan induced diabetes, after application the first dose of 15 mg of zinc, after application of a second dose of 25 mg of zinc, after application of third dose of 50 mg of zinc. The zinc preparation did not cause a statistically significant reduction in serum glucose level when administered in single doses 15, 25 and 50 mg in experimentally induced diabetic rabbits. However, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased after single dose preparations of zinc at a dose 15 mg (p<0,05), 25 mg (p<0,001) and 50 mg (p<0,001) in relation to the activity recorded before the application of zinc. Also, after the application first, second, and than third dose of zinc in diabetic rabbits was recorded statistically significant increase of TAS in relation to the value recorded before the application of zinc (p<0,001). Glucose concentrations negatively correlated with superoxide dismutase activity. This indicates that oral application of zinc preparation can reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress in diabetes.

Health of soft oral tissue and periodontium in biggest measure depends as well of oral hygiene. It exists the positive correlation between oral hygiena and periodontal condition. Many systemic disease, as blood disease, change reactivity of organism and also peridontium, and directly take influence at course and difficulty of periodontitis.

In this review paper, metabolism of halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons (chloroform, polychlorinated biphenyls, freons) is shown. They are metabolized similar by mixed function oxidases (reductive or oxidative pathways). Their metabolites are toxic.

Doxorubicin is antitumor antibiotic extensively metabolized in the liver, and liver antioxidant capacity, including that provided by glutathione production. The aim of this study was to investigate whether doxorubicin containing chemotherapy changes metabolic liver function during treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Total protein concentration in serum, concentration of total, conjugated and non conjugated bilirubin, activity of aspartat aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (ãGT), lactate dehydrogenase and creatin kinase activity were measured before and after treatment with doxorubicin containing chemotherapy and in the control group. Caffeine was applied as metabolic marker via controlled consummation of Coca-Cola and 8-hour urine was collected immediately afterwards. In the collected samples, urinary thioethers and caffeine metabolites concentrations were measured. Chemotherapeutic regiment established for initial treatment of childhood ALL containing prednisone, vincristine, doxorubicin and L-asparaginase did not alter metabolic liver function. This regiment did not change liver enzyme activity. Applied chemotherapy also did not alter caffeine biotransformation, but it did increase urinary thioethers excretion. 

Diabetes mellitus with its own chronical complication is the cause of the large procent morbidity and mortality between population. World Health Organisation (WHO) has announced that so far involved 150 millions peoples, so the prevention chronical complication this illnesses priority. By this work, I want to rescript signification connection microangiopathy chronical complication with macroangiopathy chronical complication of diabetes mellitus. Handled 60 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Patients divide in IV groups forms on concentration HbA1c. Retinopathy most often microangiopathy chronical complication of diabetes, in the meaning of being united with other complication, most expressed are the connection some with microangiopathy complication: angiopathy (R=0.71; p<0.001), then nephropathy (R=0.60; p<0.001) and the end neuropathy (R=0.44; p<0.001). 

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multisistemic disease of an unknown cause characterised by persistens inflammatory synovitis which results in destruction cartilage and bone erosions. RA is a systemic disease with various out of joint manifestations of different clinical importance, among which rheumatoid knots, rheumatoid vasculitis, pleuropulmonal and ophthalmological manifestations are the most prominent ones. The most frequent changes of the eye in patients with RA are keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), episcleritis and scleritis and ulcerous keratitis. Out of 70 examined patients, 52 (74.3%) are female, and 18 (25.7%) of male sex (ratio 4:1), average age 56.47. In 18 (25.71%) RA diseased patients eye changes found are as folows: secondary Sjögren syndrom, that is keratoconjunctvitis sicca in 18.57%, only in female patients, episcleritis nodosa and scleritis in 4.29%; 2.86% in male and 1.43% female patients and ulcerous keratitis in 2.86% RA diseased patients. 

Arthrosis (A) are the degenerative-dystrophic disease of the peripheral ankles. Etiology is unknown. The genetic factor and external factors, mostly of a mechanical nature are the crucial ones, however, in the literature more emphasis is put on the infection factor and participation of immunity in the etiology of the patogenesis A. We have treated 42 patients sicked of the gonarthrosis. A majority of them is not , as expected, is in their old age, but between 40-50 old. Out of total number, 12 % has had symptoms of early sinovitis while 17% has had symptoms of reactive synovitis. Early sinovitis is characterized in lymphocytes and plasmocytes, rare neutrophils with no fibrile layers. Reactive (later) sinovitis is characterized by rare neutrophils, crystals of appatite and abundant detritus. It is most probably that an early synovitis has an immunological and later one reactive character.

Acute instable atherosclerotic plate in the basis of the pathophysiology of the acute coronary syndrome and it is divided on two big groups: a) acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation (NONSTEMI) and b) myocardial infarction with ST elevation (STEMI). Clopidogrel belongs to the group of antiaggregation drugs which inhibit ADP receptors and on that way prevent platelets aggregation. The clinical confirmation of the clopidogrel efficiency is confirmed trough 4 big clinical studies: CAPRIE, CURE, COMMIT/CCS 2 and CLARITY-TIMI 28 studies. In CAPRIE study, clopidogrel showed moderate but significant advantage comparing to aspirin in prevention of the secondary ischemic cerebrovascular stroke and myocardial infarction. The results of CURE study showed that doubled combined therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin brought the reduction of the relative risk of cardiovacular events with patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation. The results of this study showed that the group of patients which received clopidogrel beside aspirin and thrombolytic therapy it came to the reduction of the occluded arteries. In COMMIT were also involved the patients with the acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation. Total number of lethal cases of the repeated myocardial infarctions or acute brain stroke was smaller in a group which was receiving clopidogrel beside thrombolytic therapy and aspirine in comparison with the placebo group. The results of CLARITY and COMMIT studies gave us recommendation that patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation which have thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention should receive clopidogrel as well.