Virus Zapadnog Nila je izolovan iz krvi febrilne bolesnice u Ugandi 1937. Od tada se bolest registruje u zemljama Bliskog Istoka, a smatra se da je endemična u Egiptu i Izraelu. Od 1990. bolest zahvata Evropu i Sjedinjene Američke Države, kada i menja kliničku sliku. Ranije je dominirala klinička slika groznice sa mialgijama, artralgijama, glavoboljom, limfadenopatijom, nakon 3-4 dana praćene pojavom blede makulopapulozne, i izuzetno vezikularne ospe. Od 1990., kod pacijenata starijih od 50 godina, bolest daje kliničku sliku infekcije CNS-a (1:150 inficiranih). U našem odeljenju u periodu jul-oktobar 2012. lečeno je 10 pacijenata kojima je serološki na Institutu za virusologiju 'Torlak' potvrđena infekcija virusom Zapadnog Nila (ELISA IgM At pozitivna). Prva dijagnostikovana bolesnica, C.M, stara 72 godine, primljena je u naše odeljenje 11.7.2012. zbog glavobolje, pospanosti, visoke temperature i slabosti leve polovine tela. Urađena je lumbalna punkcija, CT, NMR i EEG. Postavljena joj je dijagnoza akutnog virusnog encefalitisa Na NMR-u su utvrđene difuzne promene, dominantno u predelu obe hemisfere malog mozga. Bolesnica je otpuštena oporavljena, sa sekvelama u vidu pareze leve ruke, plegije leve noge i sa nemogućnošću samostalnog sedenja i stajanja. Upućena je na dalju fizikalnu rehabilitaciju u Rehabilitacioni centar u Melencim

Preporuka GOLD je da definitivna dijagnoza HOBP ne može biti postavljena bez testova plućne funkcije (spirometrije): forsiranog ekspiratornog volumena u prvoj sekundi (FEV1) i odnosa (FEV1/FVC) . I pored nesumnjive praktičnosti GOLD kriterijuma neophodno je finije definisanje donje granične vrednosti za predložene spirometrijske parametre. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi da li su testovi plućne funkcije predloženi od strane GOLD (FEV1 i odnos FEV1/FVC) dovoljni za preciznu dijagnostiku i za procenu stadijuma (uz klinički pregled i MRC upitnik) HOBP kao i da pokušamo da utvrdimo koji su dodatni spirometrijski parametri pogodni za potvrdu dijagnoze u sumnjivim situacijama. Studijom je obuhvaćena 101 osoba sa potvrđenom dijagnozom HOBP kod kojih su spirometrijom mereni FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF50%FVC i FEF75%FVC. U GOLD II stadijumu bolesti bilo je 61 (60,4%); GOLD III 31 (30,7%) i u GOLD IV bilo je 9 ispitanika (8,9%). Kod 11 ispitanika (10,9%) vrednosti odnosa FEV1/FVC bile su iznad 0,7. Od 61 ispitanika sa GOLD II stadijumom HOBP kod 10 (16,4% ) ispitanika odnos FEV1/FVC je bio iznad 0,7. Jedan (3,2%) ispitanik sa GOLD III stadijumom je imao vrednosti odnosa FEV1/FVC iznad 0,7. Nije bilo slučaja sa normalnim vrednostima za FEF50%FVC i FEF75%FVC kod svih ispitanika. U situacijama kada imamo bilo kakvu nedoumicu u interpretaciji dva 'zlatna'kriterijuma za HOBp od strane GOLD (FEV1 i odnos FEV1/FVC) obavezno treba razmotriti i dodatne parametre plućne funkcije. Naša preporuka je da to budu vrednosti protoka vazduha u malim disajnim putevima (FEF75%FVC i FEF50%FVC).

Strenuous exercises greatly increase oxygen consumption in the whole body, especially in skeletal muscles. Large part of oxygen consumption is reduced to H2O and ATP, but smaller part (2-5%) results in an increased leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial respiratory chain, forming various reactive oxygen species-ROS (02, H2O,iOH). These free ra- dicals are capable of triggering a chain of damaging biochemical and physiological reactions (oxidative stress, lipid peroxi- dation), as a base for skeletal muscles damage after exercise. MDA (malondialdehyde) is a marker of exercise induced lipid peroxidation process. L-ascorbic acid is a major aqueous-phase antioxidant. To estimate antioxidant role of ascorbic acid we use rate between dehydroascorbate and ascorbate. In this paper those markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA, MDA ind, % ind MDA), and ascorbic acid status (ascorbic acid Asc, ascorbat A, dehidroascorbat DHA, DHA/A) were determinated in 30 stu- dents, in rest and after treadmill running protocol (Bruce Treadmill Protocol). It was found that after the treadmill test, plas- ma MDA level had increased from 3,04 to 4,39 M/L (p<0,0001) and % ind MDA decreased significantly from 35% to 24,7% (p=0,0003). Plasma ascorbic acid was also found to be higher after the treadmill test comparing to rest level (from 55,4 to 67,6 μM/L). DHA/A level in rest was 1,62 and after treadmill test it increased to 2,05 (p=0,0014). These results suggests that strenuous exercise increased process of lipid peroxidation (MDA †, % ind MDA), but in the same time incre- ased ascorbic acid level in plasma and DHA/A rate indicates stronger activation of nonenzymatic antioxidant defense system.

Health of soft oral tissue and periodontium in biggest measure depends as well of oral hygiene. It exists the positive correlation between oral hygiena and periodontal condition. Many systemic disease, as blood disease, change reactivity of organism and also peridontium, and directly take influence at course and difficulty of periodontitis.

In this review paper, metabolism of halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons (chloroform, polychlorinated biphenyls, freons) is shown. They are metabolized similar by mixed function oxidases (reductive or oxidative pathways). Their metabolites are toxic.

Acute organophosphate (ÎÐ) poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children especially in the developing countries. Published studies work have been reported on acute childhood poisoning has focused mainly on the epidemiological trends, with little information about alteration in electrolitic and acid-base equilibrium and other disturbance and on the management of the poisoned children. Hypovolaemia, electrolyte derangements and acidosis are major predisposing factors for development of complications. Metabolic acidosis is one of the major causes of death in patients poisoned with OPC acutely. We suggest that children's with acute OPC poisoning should be screened for electrolyte and metabolic acidosis with blood gas analysis.

Cephalosporins are bactericidal antibiotics that are active against a wide variety of Gram(+) and Gram(-) aerobic bacteria, along with a few anaerobic species. Adverse effects of cephalosporins are uncommon and reversible. Cefalotin and cefaloridine exhibit a nephrotoxic effect and might cause renal tubule necrosis. No data about the nephrotoxicity of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone has been presented in literature so far. When cephalosporins are applied via intramuscular injection a local reaction is possible, whereas with IV administration thrombophlebitis develops in about 5% of all cases. Hypersensitivity reactions, as well as some hematological disorders (thrombocytosis, leukopenia, neutropenia) might also occur. Cephalosporins were found to sometimes cause an augmentation of transaminase (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and, less frequently, bilirubin levels, too. The goal of this study was to evaluate the creatinine values in the serum of patients hospitalised in Kosovska Mitrovica Health Centre. The values were determined before, within and after 7 days of cephalosporin administration (cefotaxime 2x1000mg IM; ceftriaxone 2x1000mg IV). Data concerning certain hematological and biochemical variables will be presented as well. Creatinine levels were measured by the Jaffe reaction method. Both cefotaxime and ceftriaxone yielded a statistically significant increase of the serum creatinine values. As these cephalosporins do not show a nephrotoxic effect, the increase can be explained by the interference of sodium picramate, a byproduct of the Jaffe reaction which is produced regardless of whether the process is manual or automated.

Allergic disease are actual pathologic condition in medicine. From this diseases can get ill people of any age, both sex, and the number of patients with allergic diseases rapidly increase in countries of progressive world. This disease are wide - spread, with tendency of increase, and they can have fatal result in extreme cases. Because of high prevalence of morbidity and complications they have, allergic diseases are health problem. According to World allergic organization, more than 40 % of population in world will be atopic. In our environment this diseases are increasing, because of bad ecological condition from one side, and from the other side of genetic influence, and on the top of ladder are allergic diseases of respiratory system. The mayor key process in atopia is continuous and plentiful production of IgE antibody. 

Hyperplasia in goiter may be associated with altered apoptosis thyrocytes. There are numerous techniques for the detection and quantification of apoptosis. Some of them were light microscopy, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, studying the activities of caspase, DNA fragmentation and so on. In patients with multinodular endemic goiter after six months of iodine load, number of apoptotic thyrocytes increased by ten times, Bcl-2 is missing and Bax appeared in thyrocytes. Excess iodine in molecular form causes apoptosis in thyrocytes creating free radicals, mitochondrial damage and release of cytochrome c. Research shows that the level of sFas in the serum of patients with multinodular goiter increased compared to normal controls, it can still point to the reduced expression of Fas protein on the surface of cells that then leads to increased thyroid cell proliferation. Further study of apoptosis in goiter combined morphological and biochemical methods are important for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

In clinical hyperkalemia, correlation between plasma K and the ECG is less reliable. A tall, peaked, symmetrical T wave with a narrow base, the so-called "tented" T wave is the earlinest ECG abnormality, usually best seen in leads II, III, V2, V3, and V4. The tented appearance and the narrow base are probably more characteristic of hyperkalemia than is the amplitude of the T wave. A decrease in amplitude of the R wave, appearance of a prominent S wave, widening of the QRS complex, depression of the ST segment evolve as plasma K approaches 8-9m Eq/liter. With hyperkaliemia, depression of intraventricular conduction is characteristically diffuse and results in prolongation of both the initial and terminal parts of the QRS complex. The resulting pattern may resemble RBBB, LBBB, left anterior or posterior divisional block, or a combination of the four.