Aging begins at the moment of birth and it is inevitable part of our lives. Statistical data obtained in recent years, indicate that the average human lifespan is significantly prolonged compared to the previous century, which is likely to come as a result of technological progress and consequently the development of medicine. Whole teams of scientists are constantly trying to clarify the process of aging and in some ways make it slower.Attempts to find the causes of aging is present for the purpose of extending the creative activity of man

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a syndrome which is caused by gradual progressive and irreversible reduction of kidney function. CKD has become a global health care problem. From a mental hygiene point of view, the aim of this study is to present the most important stressors in patients with CKD. Knowledge and recognition of everything that influences the increase of stress in people with CKD, on one hand leads to an improvement of understanding , and on the other gives us possibilities to prevent or at least reduce the negative effects of stress. Furthermore, patients with CKD often have anxiety and depressive symptoms which overlap with the clinical symptomatology of kidney disease, which is mostly caused by uremia. We have given certain suggestions for early depression screening in patients with CKD by analyzing previously conducted research. As far as diet is concerned, research suggests that patients with CKD should be prescribed a low protein diet which delays the progression of CKD, reduces the metabolical disbalance and delays the need for dialysis. A traditional diet focused on protein intake without a special selection of meals is recommended. Other recommendations are vegan diet as well as vegan diet with suplements. Furthermore, a diet without proteins with pastas without proteins, bread and other carbohydrates. There are also recommendations for a low protein diet with suplements with an intake of only 0.3 g/kg BM/protein a day with an addition of proteins from vegetables, amino and keto acids. Finally, it should be mentioned that comorbidities should be taken into consideration when prescribing a diet for patients with CKD. It is necessary for the patient to be compliant with the recommended diet.

Herpetic stomatitis as well as many other infections of the orofacial region in everyday practice represent an important percentage of pathology. These diseases can be a major problem for therapists in terms of early diagnosis and, consequently, in determining the correct treatment. The disease belongs to a group of droplet infection, caused by the herpes simplex virus, with characteristic changes in the skin and mucous membrane in children and adults. A relatively small percentage, 10-15% of primary infections are manifested with clinically distinct symptoms. At the oral mucosa occurs triad of symptoms: generalized catarrhal gingivitis, coated tongue and erosions dispersed all over oral epithelium of the oral cavity.

As a mixed exocrine and endocrine gland pancreas has a very important role in the digestive tract. The juice of his exocrine part, which is released into the duodenum, carries more than 20 pancreatic enzymes, important for a normal process of digestion. Endocrine part of the gland, which consists of the islets-insula, actively participate in the metabolism of human organism, secreting two important hormones - insulin and glucagon. Because of its location, the pancreas is an extremely inaccessible organ for a physical examination. Despite of a large number of modern clinical methods for monitoring changes in the body, the detail knowledge of morphological characteristics of this gland is still very important. The material was taken from the cadaver of the fetus and newborn at the Institute of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine. We classified samples of pancreas into three groups, with respect to age (from 3 months to neonates) and CS length. After dehydration and the molding compositions are cut at a thickness of between 6 and 10 microns. In addition to standard staining methods, some preparations are for identification of insula, painted by Grimelijus. In this study, we determined the morphological changes of the prenatal pancreas, from the third month of intrauterine fetal development, until the end of the fetal time and determine the dynamics of changes in the parenchyma and stroma. We could distinguish functional parts of the pancreas, in 10-11th week of development. In the first trimester of pregnancy, we have noticed an increase in parenchymal elements and the reduction of the stroma, which is slightly more pronounced in interlobular area, that clearly differentiating lobules. At the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, in the pancreas that are developing, we observed significant changes.The lobular structure of pancreas was clearly visible. Pancreatic acini are clearly differentiated and are in very close contact, since the stroma between them very reduced. Within almost all lobulus there are clearly expressed the islets of Langerhans, which are multiplied, different sizes, separated from the exocrine part by poorly expressed connective tissue. In the group of prematurely born children, we found that the morphology of the pancreas is very similar to the pancreas at the end of the fetal period.

Reforma zdravstvenog sistema podrazumeva prihvatanje inovacija u upravljanju finansijama zdravstvene ustanove. Uspešna promena načina finansiranja zdravstvene zaštite zahteva prethodnu analizu troškova i aktivnosti zdravstvenih ustanova. U radu je izvedena uporedna analiza troškova 27 domova zdravlja primenom inovativnog tabelarnog sistema za analizu i kontrolu troškova korišćenjem „Step Down“ metodologije. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da: Dominantni trošak za lična primanja, prosečno oko 80%, ne zavisi od veličine doma zdravlja; Evidentne razlike u procentnim vrednostima troškova za lekove, medicinski potrošni materijal, dijagnostičke službe; Postoji evidentna razlika procentne vrednosti troškova tehničkog održavanja kao posledica neujednačenog procenta broja zaposlenih nemedicinskih radnika, razlika u infrastrukturnoj organizaciji, razlika u stanju i vrsti opreme, razlika u načinu grejanja prostora i vrsti goriva za grejanje, obaveze prevoza bolesnika i specifičnost službe kućnog lečenja i polivalentne patronaže; Postoji velika razlika u troškovima po uprosečenom ambulantnom pregledu, kao posledica neujednačenog broj izvršenih usluga. Osnovni zaključak urađene analize ukazuje na činjenjicu da je u uslovima prikazane neujednačenosti troškova problematično primeniti sistem finansiranja kapitacijom.

Trachoma is keratoconjunctivitis caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Endemic trachoma is caused by serovars A, B, Ba and C. Trachoma is probably the third most common cause of blindness worldwide, after cataracta and glaucoma. Active trachoma affects an estimated 84 million people; another 7.6 million have end-stage disease, of which about 1.3 million are blind. Most trachoma programmes use the WHO simplified grading system, by presence or absence of five clinical signs. The World Health Organization is leading a global effort to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020, through the implementation of the SAFE strategy. This involves surgery for trichiasis (S-surgery), antibiotics for infection (A-antibiotic), facial cleanliness (F-face) and environmental improvements to reduce transmission of the organism (Eeducation). Tratment for trachoma includes local and systemic administration of appropriate antibiotics. Surgical correction of trachomatous trichiasis reduces the risk of progressive corneal opacification and blindness.

Among the many antibiotics that treat infections of the respiratory system, the most common and with a large role are penicillins, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Acute otitis media is rapidly formed otitis media, with the duration of the inflammatory process to 3 weeks. As a rule, there is a nasal-pharyngeal route, and causes are viruses, bacteria and / or a viral / bacterial coinfection. To determine the effectiveness of amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanate, ceftriaxone and azithromycin in children aged 0 to 14 years, depending on the number of repeat episodes. 120 patients with acute inflammation of the middle ear, treated in the cabinet of Otorhinolaryngology of Health Center of Gracanica. Diagnosis of the patients was placed and confirmed on the basis of physical examination, laboratory and microbiological analysis and tympanometry findings. 120 children aged 0-14 years. 52 (43.33%) male and 68 (56.67%) female. In 37 (30.83%) an episode of OMA, in 41 (34.86%) two episodes, in 29 (24.16%) three, in 13 (10.83%) cases more than three episodes in the past year. In 23 (19.16%) two epizide acute inflammation shorter than two months, in 11 (9.16%) children 3 episodes in 6 months, and in 13 (10.83%) children four episodes OMA for a period of one year . Causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae (37.64%), Haemophilus inphluenzae (14.11%), Moraxella catarrhalis (12.94%) and Pseudomonas (12.94%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.70%), Escherichia coli (4.70%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (3.52%). Amoxicillin (90 mg / kg bw) and amoxicillin + clavulanate (90 mg / kg bw), azithromycin (5-10 mg / kg bw), ceftriaxone (50mg / kg). Based on our research, we came to the data that is generally consistent with the WHO recommendations for the treatment of OMA in children.

Uz tradicionalne faktore rizika smatra se da i inflamacija doprinosi nastanku ishemičnog moždanog udara (IMU). U toku inflamacije neutrofilni leukociti se degranulišu, kada može doći do oslobađanja njihovog enzima mijeloperoksidze (MPO) u ekstracelularni prostor. Osim peroksidazme MPO poseduje i hlorinišuću aktivnost kojom stvara hipohlornu kiselinu i dugoživeće oksidanse hloramine. U ovoj studiji je određivana hlorinišuća aktivnost MPO i koncentracija ukupnih hloramina u serumu. U studiju je bilo uključeno 29 pacijenata sa akutnim IMU, starosti 69.0 godina (64.2–78.0), i 25 ispitanika kontrolne grupe bez IMU, starosti 69.0 godina (67.0–72.0). Nađeno je da je u grupi sa IMU broj neutrofilnih leukocita u perifernoj krvi značajno veći od kontrolnih vrednosti (4.56±1.76 vs. 7.74±3.35 × 109/L, u kontrolnoj grupi i kod pacijenata; p<0.05). Takođe je i hlorinišuća aktivnost MPO seruma bila veća u grupi sa IMU (67.2 U/L vs. 92.3 U/L, kod kontrole i kod pacijenata; p<0.05). Iako je koncentracija ukupnih hloramina bila nešto veća kod IMU nego u kontrolnoj grupi, razlika nije bila statistički značajna (p=0.178). Aktivnost MPO je značajno korelirala sa koncentracijom triglicerida (p<0.05). Korelacija između hlorinišuće aktivnosti MPO i ukupnih hloramina nije bila značajna (p=0.402), dok su korelacije MPO aktivnosti i broja neutrofila (p=0.071) odnosno MPO aktivnosti i prisustva aritmije (p=0.094) bile nešto veće. Rezultati ove studije ukazuju da MPO verovatno ima ulogu u patogenezi IMU, što se delimično može zasnivati na hlorinaciji biološki značajnih molekula vaskularnog kompartmana.