Introduction: Syncope is a sudden, short-lived, transient loss of consciousness associated with the inability to maintain postural tone. The aim of this paper is: to determine the frequency of syncope in children and adolescents in our conditions, to analyze the characteristics of syncopal episodes and clinical presentation in order to identify the etiology of seizures, and to provide diagnostic protocols, i.e. guidelines for streamlining clinical trials.

Methodology: The diagnosis of the disease was made clinically on the basis of well-taken anamnestic data and a detailed description of the quality of the attack, physical examination and routine laboratory analyzes: (CBC, glycemia, standard ECG). Additional tests were selectively performed: Holter ECG, ergometry, Tilt table test, Echocardiogram, NMR, EEG.

Results: Out of the total number of examined children in the outpatient Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, 139 patients (0.6%) reported due to short-term loss of consciousness. The largest number of children was between 15 and 18 years old. Ninety-two ( 66%) of those 139 were girls, and 47 (34%) were boys (p <0.05). Regarding the cause of syncope, it was found in 117 (84%) patients, and in 22 (16%) children the cause of syncope was unknown (p <0.05). Etiologically spreaking, syncope was divided into 3 groups: autonomic (vasovagal, situational, orthostatic, increased vagus tone in athletes) was the most common, in 88 patients (75%), cardiogenic in 5 (4%) and non-cardiogenic in 24 patients.(21%). There was also a recurrence of the attack. In two children, the syncopal attack was repeated 4 times.

CONCLUSION: Syncope most often occurs in teenagers and is mostly benign. To assess syncope, it is necessary to gather a detailed history of the attack, to conduct a detailed physical examination and routine laboratory analyzes: CBC, glycemia and standard ECG. Supplementary diagnostics should be performed exclusively in patients where there is a reasonable suspicion of heart disease or neurological diseases. 

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in children under the age of 5 years. In addition to the progress of modern medicine, the cause of KD is currently unknown and specific diagnostic tests for definitive diagnosis does not exist. The differential-diagnostic enigma is the exclusion of other diseases with similar clinical features. The primary treatment in the acute phase of KD is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA/aspirin). There is not a recommendation to a uniform therapeutic approach in refractory KD. The role of corticosteroids is still controversial, but there are studies that support its use as adjuvant treatment. Most patients have a good prognosis. The focus of future research should be the formulation of new algorithms for detection, differential diagnostic triage and treatment of KD. 

 Ruptura potkožne tetive ekstenzora policis longusa (EPL) je jedna od najčešćih povreda tetiva ekstenzora šake. Ova vrsta povrede može biti posledica
 trauma ručnog zgloba. Češće se javlja kao posledica degenerativne ili inflamatorne bolesti. Ponekad se to dešava bez predisponirajućeg stanja, zbog
 kontinuiranih pokreta savijanja i opružanja palca šake.
 Ruptura tetive EPL-a se obično dešava u predelu Listerove kvrge gde su trenja najveća. Kontinuirano ponavljanje mikrotrauma može da uzrokuje
 rupturu. Engkvist i Lundborg [1] su postavili hipotezu o patogenezi mehanizama ove povrede.  Smatrali su da nakon trauma ili zapaljenja formiran
 hematom unutar omotača tetive dovodi do povećanja pritiska u neelastičnom prostoru. Povećanje pritiska može izazvati promene u snabdevanju krvi i
 može dovesti do nekroze i rupture struktura tetiva. Nakon prekida kontinuiteta tetive EPL-a, retrakcija proksimalnog okrajka je praćena
 degenerativnim procesima koji ugrožavaju direktnu suturu.
 Predloženi su mnogi tretmani, artrodeza interfalangealnog (IP) zgloba palca ili transpozicija tetive ekstenzor indicis proprius (EIP) koju je razvio
 Mensch 1925. god. [1].
 Transpozicija tetive šake je hirurška procedura која uključuje repozicioniranje funkcionalne tetive како bi se obnovila funkcija oštećene tetive šake.
 Ova operacija ima za cilj da vrati pokret, funkciju i snagu šake.
 U ovom radu prenosimo naše iskustvo u lečenja traumatske rupture tetive EPL-a metodom transpozicije tetive EIP-a. Opisujemo operativnu tehniku
 transfera tetive EIP-a na tetivu EPL.
 Ključne reči: trasnpozicija tetive, ekstenzor policis longus, ekstenzor indicis proprius, funkcija.

 Uvod: Kognitivni pojačivači (KP) poboljšavaju kognitivne funkcije putem neurotransmitera CNS-a. Čine raznorodnu grupu supstanci koje se
 svakodnevno uzimaju kao napici nalik kafi, biljni lekovi i dijetetski suplementi (“meki pojačivači”) ili lekovi koji se koriste u lečenju bolesti
 (nootropici). Upotreba i zloupotreba su česte u studentskoj populaciji sa brojnim etičkim pitanjima.  
Cilj: Utvrđivanje informisanosti studenata medicine, njihovih stavova o upotrebi i stepenu rizika od neželjenog delovanja KP, na osnovu pretpostavke
 da je upotreba ovih supstanci redovna.
 Materijal I metode: Studija preseka je sprovedena po tipu anonimnog anketnog istraživanja na Medicinskom fakultetu Priština sa privremenim
 sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici. U ispitivanju su dobrovoljno učestvovali studenti medicine prve tri godine integrisanih studija koji nisu položili ispit iz
 predmeta Farmakologija sa toksikologijom. Upitnik je obuhvatio socio-demografske podatke, podatke o koncentraciji i navikama u učenju, stepen
 informisanosti, procenu upotrebe i procenu rizika korišćenja KP. Stratifikacija uzorka je izvršena prema polu studenata, a Likert-ova skala je poslužila
 za rangiranje stavova ispitanika.
 Rezultati: Od ukupnog broja anketiranih (n=249) u konačnu statističku analizu podataka uključeno je 169 anketnih upitnika (M 32,5 %, Ž 67,5%).
 Najviše studenata je bilo sa druge godine studija (40%), dok je najviše studentkinja bilo sa prve godine (48,2%). Uočena je statistički značajna razlika
 između ispitivanih grupa u odnosu na godinu studiranja (p=0,009).  Informacije o KP su novina za 40,2% ispitanika (M 49,1%, Ž 36%). Da je o njihovoj
 primeni dovoljno informisano smatra 23,7 % ispitanika (M 20%, Ž 25,4%). Postoji statistički značajna razlika u upotrebi internet baza za informisanje o
 KP (p<0,001).Najveći broj studenata (71,6%) koristi internet za informisanje o KP, pri čemu je korišćenje internet baza bilo statistički značajno veće
 kod žena u odnosu na muškarce (M 56,4 %,Ž 78,9 %; p=0,002). Više od polovine ispitanika (50,3%) koristi Mediately bazu kao pouzdanu bazu podataka o
 lekovima. Od ukupnog broja studenata 40,8% upotrebljava neki od navedenih KP (M 43,6%, Ž 39,5%). Najčešći razlozi za upotrebu kod obe grupe
 ispitanika su poboljšanje koncentracije (M 27,3%, Ž 28,9%) i uspešnije polaganje ispita (M 25,5%, Ž 15,8%). Oba pola najviše koriste ginko bilobu (M
 29,1%, Ž 32,5%) i metilksantine (M 29,1%, Ž 17,5%). Studenti znatno češće upotrebljavaju kreatin u odnosu na studentkinje (M 20%; Ž 2,6%; p=0,003).
 Obe grupe studenata su prema medijani i interkvartilnom opsegu (25-75%) uočenog rizika od neželjenih reakcija rangirale kokain (M 9,0; Ž 9,0),
 metamfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 8,0) i amfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 7,0) kao najopasnije, dok je ginko biloba procenjena kao najbezbedniji KP (M 3,0; Ž 3,0). 
Zaključak: Većina studenata nije dovoljno informisana o kognitivnim pojačivačima, iako ih koriste samoinicijativno, radi postizanja boljih rezultata na
 studijama. Neophodno je studente uputiti na adekvatne izvore informisanja i organizovati vannastavne tribine i predavanja o bezbednosti i efikasnosti
 KP pre upotrebe. U skladu sa trendovima u svetu, može se očekivati porast zloupotrebe nootropika na univerzitetima i u našoj zemlji. Smatramo da bi
 trebalo ponoviti ili organizovati slično ispitivanje kroz par godina, po mogućstvu u većem obimu.
 Ključne reči: kognitivni pojačivači, informisanost studenata, stavovi studenata

INTRODUCTION: The corona virus desease has led to numerous changes in all aspects of our lives. The educational system through numerous innovative learning methods managed the smooth conduct of distance learning. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to examine the attitudes of medical and dental students about quality and effectiveness of online versus traditional teaching, in the course of Hystology and Embriology during the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The research was conducted online, with the help of a questionnaire designed on the Google Forms platform. The cross-sectional study included second-year students of medicine and dentistry at the Faculty of Medicine in Priština -Kosovska Mitrovica, who during the 2020/21 academic year followed online and classical classes in the subject Histology and Embryology. The results were processed using descriptive statistical methods and appropriate tests for testing the hypothesis about the significance of the difference between two, three or more samples. RESULTS: Out of the total number of surveyed students (n=60), 95% of students attended traditional classes, 88.3% of students attended classes via Zoom platform, while 85% of respondents used Moodle platform. The highest percentage of very satisfied (38.3%) and satisfied (51.6%) students was with traditional teaching. The percentage of available lecturers during online classes is 73.3%, and 76.7% during tradicional teaching. 75% of students believe that tradicional teaching can not be replaced by online teaching method. 68% of students used the literature and available presentations on the Moodle platform to prepare for the exam. A significant correlation was found in the case of satisfaction with the grade and the achieved success in the exam (p=0,001). CONCLUSION: The results of our research show that students preferred traditional over online teaching, which makes traditional teaching a primary and irreplaceable form of education.

INTRODUCTION: The ratio of neutrophils-lymphocytes (NLR) and platelet-lymphocytes (PLR) is a new parameter in the assessment of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of NLR and PLR in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, subjects were subjected to tests of thyroid gland function, antithyroid antibodies, as well as laboratory analyzes of blood count with determination of NLR and PLR. The respondents were grouped into two groups. The first group was patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), while the second group consisted of healthy individuals who represented the control group. RESULTS: NLR was statistically significantly higher in patients with HT compared to the control group (2.62±0.8 and 2.43±0.8, respectively; p=0.02), while PLR was higher in people with HT compared to the control group, but without statistical significance significance (169±42.5; 159±40.3; p=0.08). Among the examined patients with HT, the group with hypothyroidism showed statistically higher NLR values compared to the group of patients with euthyroid status (2.7±0.9 ; 2.31±0.7 p=0.03). Among the examined patients with HT, the group with hypothyroidism showed statistically higher PLR values compared to the group of patients with euthyroid status, as well as the group with subclinical hypothyroidism (177.8±48.2; 148.3±39.3; 155.5±42.5 p=0.04). NLR and PLR show a statistically significant positive correlation with the level of TSH, Anti TPO and TG At in the group with HT. CONCLUSION: NLR and PLR can serve as practical and valuable markers of the clinical course of the disease, but also markers of autoimmune diseases that progress with chronic inflammation.

Introduction. Hypothyroidism can be accompanied by various neuropsychiatric manifestations ranging from mild depression and anxiety to psychosis. Objective. The study aimed to determine the presence of depression in patients with hypothyroidism (clinical and subclinical). Methods. The survey was conducted over twenty-four months, from 01. 07. 2017. to 01. 07. 2019., at the Health Center Krupa na Uni. The cross-sectional study included 160 persons, two groups of 80 persons each. The first group included those with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism, while the control group consisted of people with neat, thyroid function. In addition to the general questionnaire, the study used Beck's Depression Inventory and laboratory analyzes (enzymatic assays to determine thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine). The chi-square test was used in the statistical analysis. Results. The first group consisted of 62 (38.7%) subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and 18 (11.3%) with clinical hypothyroidism, 51 (63.7%) women and 29 (36.3%) men with a mean age of 52±6.9 years. The control group consisted of 42 (52.5%) women and 38 (47.5%) men, with a mean age of 51±4.3 years. Mild depression was verified in 50 (31.2%), moderately severe in 43 (26.9%), and severe depression in 3 (1.9%). The study found the existence of statistically significantly moderate-severe depression in participants with subclinical hypothyroidism (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results of our study indicate a statistically significantly presence of moderately severe depression in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Early detection and adequate therapeutic intervention of thyroid gland disorders in patients with depression. Our findings favor the need for early and routine screening for hypothyroidism and depression.

Cor triatriatum is a rare condition. It comprises around 0.1% to 0.4% of all congenital heart malformations. There are two types of this anomaly: cor triatriatum sinister (CTS), which is more common and accounts for 92% of all cases, and cor triatriatum dexter (CTD). This condition usually presents at an early age and is diagnosed mainly during early childhood. In some patients, who have less severe cases of CTS, diagnosis could be made in adulthood. We report an unusual case of a 78-year-old woman who was diagnosed with CTS for the first time. The patient was admitted to the cardiology department with symptoms of chest pain and dyspnoea. Physical examination revealed diffusely diminished breath sounds, with focal wheezing, and irregular heart rate, with no murmurs, while blood pressure was 140/90 mmHg. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed an accessory membrane in the left atria suggestive of CTS.

Introduction: It is estimated that an average of 1,308 people die in traffic accidents in the world every day. Traffic accidents are caused by factors of the road, vehicles and the human factor, which occur alone or in combination with other factors in over 90% of cases. Material and methods: The retrospective systematic research included all cases of traffic trauma that were brought to the admission surgical outpatient clinic in the Clinical Hospital Center Kosovska Mitrovica in the period from January 2020 to December 2022. Results: In the observed period, 126 patients were registered. The age of the respondents differs statistically according to gender (p=0.030), and the highest frequency is male (81.8%) in the working population (18-59 years). The age of the subjects showed no statistical association with the types of injuries in traffic trauma (p=0.151). Friday and Saturday are the days with the highest risk (25.3% of injuries), and Sunday is the day with the least number of injuries (3.6%). The lowest number of injuries was recorded from January to May (n=12, 9.5%), and the highest was in the period August to October (n=54, 42.9%). A male patient, 20 years old, an alcoholic, required urgent surgical treatment (splenectomy) due to abdominal injuries. Alcoholism and the age of the subjects did not show statistical significance (p=0.495), and 24.6% of patients had a diagnosis of alcoholism. The age of the subjects showed a statistical association with hospitalization (p=0.004), male gender and age between 18-59 years. Only 2 patients required transport to a highly specialized facility. The fatal outcome showed a statistically significant correlation with the age of the respondent (p=0.016), there was only one patient (between 12-18 hours), a female, 85 years old as a passenger of a motor vehicle. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate a statistically significantly more frequent injury and hospitalization of male patients, that Friday and Saturday are the days of greatest risk and that the fatal outcome occurs in extremely elderly patients. Our findings favour the need to raise public awareness through the media, public actions and forums.