Aim of the study was to determine presence and incidence of perinatal risk in the newborns presenting with the
signs of IUGR or hypotrophy <5% during a 3-year period, and in this way to point the significance of intrauterine diagnostics and special screening during the labor as to reduce the incidence of these factors. Methods: There were 18412 deliveries at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Novi Sad during the 3-year period out of which number, 560
(3.04%) newborns with IUGR or intrauterine hypertrophy <5%. Results: In the investigated population of 560 newborns
with IUGR or hypertrophy <5%, the following factors of perinatal risk have been recorded: manifest pathological cerebral
signs in 30 cases ( 5.36%), convulsive crises in 6 (1.07%), the crises of apnea and cyanosis in 10 (1.78%), intracranial hemorrhage in 17(3.03%), hyperbilirubinemia in 25 (4.46), hemolytic disease in 6 cases (1.07%), hypoglycemia in 1(0,18%),
disorders of pulmonary ventilation in 26 cases (4.64%) whereas congenital anomalies were evidented in 19 ( 3.39%)
newborn infants. Exanguination transfusion was administered in 4 (0.71%) and transfusion in 9 (1.61%) newborns with
IUGR, i.e. intrauterine hypotrophy <5. Conclusion: The results of investigation show the significant presence of perinatal
risk factors in the population of the newborns with IUGR leading to the increased morbidity in later periods of life. 

Vitiligo manifests with hypopigmentated and depigmentated plates on the skin and mucous membranes. Etiopathogenic mechanism of disease appearing is not completely explained, though there are theories explaning the appearance of the disease. Precipitant factors, especially psyhotic stress, are very important for the appearance of the disease. The
patients usually come because of cosmetics defects, because vitiligo areas appear mostly on uncovered parts of a body. We
are presenting a girl, with the first sings of the disease appeared when she was seven, located symetrically periorbitally and
in capilicium followed by polyosis. The beginning of the disease might be connected with a psychotic stress.

In this work the authors have treated patient with a wide range of skin symptomes and a various clinical sings and
manifestations of this serious bullous skin disease. The complications such as secondary bacterial infections on eroded
areas and swallow difficulties, because mucous membrane of oral cavity was affected, have supplemantary disabled quick
and efficient therapy. Therapeutical problems were presented as weakness, exhaustion, obstruction syndrome and asthmatic
constitution of a patient. The high doses of corticosteroids could provoke a hypertension, but still, with gradually reduced
doses of corticosteroids, supported by local therapy with antibiotics and corticosteroids, we achieved rehabilitation and
healing of our patient

Spinal anesthesia is one of type of central block anesthesia. It is an anesthesia of choice for surgical procedure open prostatectomy. According to our experience this type of anaesthesia is more safe than the other type of central block or regional anaesthesia in a high risk patient for surgical procedure prostatectomy. In a 10 years period we have given in a 242
patients spinal anaesthesia for prostatectomy. From the complication after giving of spinal anaesthesia according to our data
were: 1. post-spinal head-ake (3-5 days) - 5 patients; 2. post-spinal head-ake (vp to 3 days) - 6 patients; 3. paraparesis (to
36 h) - 1 patients; 4. local pain on the back - 1 patients; 5. CVI - 1 patients; 6. MI - 1 patients; 7. mortality rate - 0. We can
conclude that spinal anaesthesia is one of anaesthesia of choice for prostatectomy.

Despite of Aspirin use in acute virus infection and reduce of incidence in many parts of the world, the Reye's syndrome is also actual in our country. Reye's syndrome was described for the first time in 1963. It's a non-inflammatory encephalopathy and lipid infiltration of liver and other organs. Etiology is unknown. Some viruses, some chemical compounds,
Aspirin and genetically abnormal answer have the role. The damage of mitochondria appears. Organism is in hard catabolism. The biochemical parameters in serum and liquor were followed at 26 children cured in treated in Pediatrics Clinic in Priština in the period from 1991-1998. The extreme hypoglycemia (<2.2 mmol/L) was in 46,1%, medium hypoglycemia
(2,3-3-,3 mmol/L) in 7,7%. Three times high transaminases appeared in 46% of children. The level of chaemostasis was reduced in 11,5% of children. Half of the total number children had the higher values of urea and creatinine. Hyperproteinorachia in liquor was 27% and hypoglycorachia was 19,3%. Metabolic acidosis was present in 61,5%. Half of the children had convulsions and pneumonia. Enterocolitis, acute renal insufficiency, anemy and urinary infection were also present.

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX Sy) presents a continual challenge to the ophthalmologists because of its unknown etiopathogenesis and development of aggressive glaucoma and some complications of the cataract surgery. Contemporary hypothesis focus oxidative stress as a clue event in the ageing process, as well as in age-related cataract genesis. Frequencies of the secondary ageing diseases were investigated in 162 patients with age-related cataract and 55 age and sex matched control subjects, and some elements of the oxidative stress-antioxidation protection and the lipid peroxidation products in their serums. Similar parameters of oxidative stress were also analyzed in 80 samples of humour aqueous and corticonuclear lens' blocks, and compared according to the different secondary ageing diseases appurtenance (diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, obstructive pulmonary diseases etc.), also including PEX Sy. Examined influence of secondary ageing factors and PEX Sy on the age-related cataractogenesis by logistic regression showed the highest odds ratio for the PEX Sy(OR=4,516; p<0,05). Among investigated antioxidant elements (vitamins C and E, peroxidasis, GSH, catalase, albumin, %iMDA) in serums, catalytic activity of catalase shows significantly lower values in patients with PEX Sy(p<0,05). Antioxidant defense of humour aqueous, expressed as rate of induced malondialdehyde (%iMDA), and total sulfhydryle groups in the lens' corticonuclear blocks (TSH) have a lower values, whereas contents of lipid peroxides (LP) shows to a higher degree of the peroxidation in patients with PEX Sy, similar to the findings in patients with cataract and other diseases of the secondary senium. Changes on the corneal endothelium, in the anterior chamber angle, iris and lens, at the presence of the PEX Sy, in some extent respond to the hasten ageing. Findings considering the antioxidative defense and lipid peroxidation, point to possibility that, at least part of pathogenesis of ocular alterations with PEX Sy, appears due to higher oxidative stress. Lower activity of catalase may suggest to the liver function examinations, with the aim of investigation of the PEX Sy nature.

The aim of this study was to describe the oral health care system, it's elements (input, process, output and outcome)
and the sociodemographic and behavioral factors relevant to oral health promotion and the oral health care system and to
provide policy markers with information that can be used to improve oral health and the efficiency of the oral health care
system. The modular approach used in the study to guide questionare design, sampling, data collection and analysis is based on Blum's model of the determinants of health status.The study has 3 sources of data: provider surveys, consumer survey and dental epidemiological survey. Logistic regression and data mining was used to establish which of the system's elements has the most influence on oral health outcomes as well as the system outcome. Taking into account sample entropy (.99bit) and value of assessed Bye's error (51.3%) method data mining - (automatic inductive learning) establish use of topical fluorides - fluoride toothpaste as significant factor for the health outcome. Other established factors are variables from input and they are related to dentist and their attitude towards oral health education.

Background: Ultrasonography(US) is a method in diagnosis of hepatobillious tracts. Due to the construction of
modern ultrasound facilities this method presents one of the most important method in this field due to the fact that it is:
uninvasive method, it does not procedure harmful biological effect; it does not demand contrastive means, there are no
counter indications known, and it does not provoke uneasiness to patient. Methods:200 patients were treated ultrasonographically at Surgical Clinic Faculty of Medicine in Pristina. Results: In 119(59,9%) cases calculus in gallbladder was localised ultrasonographically and in 131(65,5%) cases operativelly. Calculus was found in Hartmann's place in 60 (30%) cases ultrasonographycally and in 65(32,5%) cases operativelly. Calculus in d.cysticus was operativelly found in 4 (2,0%) cases and it was not found ultrasonographically. Solitary calculosis was found ultrasonographically in 52 (26,0%) cases and it was confirmed operativelly 47 (23,5%) cases.Multiple calculosis was diagnosed ultarsonographically in(148 74%) cases, and operativelly in 153(76,5%) cases. Anteroposterious radious of gall bladder was found ultrasonographically to be 3 or more then 5 cmm long in 109(54,5%) cases, and operativelly in 111(55,5%) cases. Gallbladder wall size higher than 3 mm was found US in 149(74,5%) cases,and operativelly in 137 (68,5%) cases. Choledocholithiasis was US diagnosed in 29 (53,7%) cases and operativelly in 54 cases. Gallbladder carcinom was US diagnosed in 5(2,5%), and operativelly found in 7 (3,5 %) cases, 6 (3,0%) gallbladder path carcinomes were not US diagnosed. Conclusion:Those results show that ultrasonography is a method of chois in gallbladder disseases treatment accuracy of the method equalls 89,5% on our clinical material.

Drug (chemical) dependency (the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of drugs for no medical purposes
despite social, psychological, and physical problems that may arise from such use) is a widespread phenomenon. He (or she) loses freedom of choice. Because of a deep emotional and physical need of addicts to get a drug, their basic activity is inclined to supply “chosen” substance. Repeating use of substance and its effects, affect their health and interpersonal
relationships. Addict denies that. His (or her) possibility to recognize it is limited or ruined. Incorrect pattern of life persists.
Cognition of real facts about substance evidently does not protect enough from addiction. In this work effectiveness of a
specific, emotional approach in the therapy of addiction has been analyzed. Dependent is faced with another emotion,
supposing competitive to those of consuming “chosen” substance it is. It is expected that strong emotion could activate
available, but unattended cognitive contents. Experimental confirmation of working hypothesis is based on emotional
approach to alcohol-dependents. They have been faced with an emotional (literal and /or painted) message of anonym child in the connection with children's heavy firsthand experiences of alcoholism in the family. Facing consequences, marks and products of dependence (firsthand experienced children's desperation), experiencing strong enough emotional answer, empathy with other child, alcoholic recognizes desperation of his own related. Faced those experiences, he recognizes their own parental role in their family as negative role. Skilled psychiatrist can use that empathy as significant therapeutic factor. This empathy makes dependent able to overcome fear of changes and face the necessity to change their pattern of life. Most of them, without any further explanations have been turned into insight of addiction and oriented toward the therapy and rehabilitation. Results encourage practicing physician to apply this approach, first of all in the initiation of the therapy (realizing contacts, insight into disease) and later in the psychotherapy of any kind of chemical dependence. The key task of the therapist could be to find out specific, strong enough emotion that could be in certain case competitive to those of pleasure connected to the misuse of substance and a strong challenge to initiate cognitive processes and to change executive behaviour. 

Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were studied in a population of 68
patients diagnosed with schisophrenia in accordance with (ICD-10) criteria. Interrater reliability was good: 0.61, positive
scale; 0.54, negative scale; 0.52 general psychopathology; 0.55, total scale. Internal consistency was good for total scale
(0.79), positive scale (0.67), and for negative scale (0.72). Internal consistency was weaker for general psychopathology
scale: (0.58). We isolated a 5- factor structure (negative, excitative, positive, depresseve and cognitive), explaining 57.2%
of the total variance. The internal consistency of the 5 factors isolated was good (0.79, negative factor; 0.76, excitation
factor; 0.75, positive factor; 0.73, depressive factor; and 0.65, cognitive).