Introduction: Mental illness is the most common cause of disability and a major public health issue worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, the difficulty of therapeutic treatment and the possible progression of the disease.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the student population over a 5-year period and the connection between sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of students and the occurrence of depressive symptoms.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the period 2018-2022 at the Institute for Health Protection of Students in Belgrade. Data was obtained by analyzing the questionnaire completed by student including the PHQ-9 questionnaire. The difference between students' socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits and the presence of depression was examined using the X2 test. Variables that were significant in the X2 test were included in a binary logistic regression. The data were analyzed with SPSS 20.

Results: 34047 students participated, 17.53% of whom were identified as individuals with high risk for depression. In the study first graders showed more symptoms of depression than third graders. The students who showed symptoms of depression were typically female, lived with their parents, did not consume alcohol or smoke and exercised 2-3 times per week. In the logistical regression model, alcohol consumption was positively and significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion: The preventive measures should focus on lower alcohol consumption and frequent physical activity. Regular systematic examinations and referral to a specialist for the individuals identified as high-risk for depression should be mandatory.

Arterial hypertension is well-known strong risk factor that can lead to the development of coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, and other heart-related issues. Arterial hypertension has increased exponentially in the last few decades in adult men and women. Traditionally arterial hypertension is classified as primary, when no specific cause has been identified and is usually associated with multiple genetic polymorphisms and various environmental factor interactions, and secondary when there are conditions with biological plausibility to cause hypertension. Traditional data in medical textbooks indicate that in 90-95% of cases, arterial hypertension is primary, while only a small percentage of cases have secondary hypertension. European guidelines for elevated blood pressure and hypertension from 2024 indicate a higher prevalence of secondary hypertension, ranging from 10-35% of cases. Secondary hypertension is still not fully understood and often remains undiagnosed. Identifying the underlying cause of secondary hypertension is crucial, as treating the root condition can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and improve overall quality of life. Obesity is a major global health problem and the prevalence of obesity is constantly increasing and simultaneously leads to an increase in the prevalence of both primary and secondary arterial hypertension. Some forms of secondary hypertension cause more severe cardiac damage than primary hypertension and are associated with a higher cardiovascular risk. Secondary hypertension is more often resistant hypertension, which means that it is difficult to achieve target blood pressure values. It is important to timely conduct appropriate examinations and begin treatment promptly.

Future unavoidable development of individualized brain anatomy as a part of personalized medicine requires large databases from a vast number of individual brains. The simple descriptions, important in the clinic, demonstrated the wide morphological and morphometric variability of the sulci and gyri. Today, it is no longer enough, like in traditional anatomy, to simply describe one single, several, or even "all" sulcal/gyral variations in one region of the brain. Potential problems in the comprehensive analysis of their patterns with attempts to suggest further research are briefly reviewed. The medial hemispheric surface is suitable for a morphological pilot study of complete sulcal and gyral variability. Sulcal patterns should be presented in simplified linear form rather than as detailed images, and one useful simplification for analyzing gyral patterns, the essential gyral line, is described. Simultaneous investigation of gyri and sulci is recommended, but the problem is combinations of specific patterns in different percentages. Sophisticated algorithms could recognize cortical patterns and calculate their possible combinations. Anatomical terminology is an unavoidable component of these studies. Big data about variations of sulci and gyri would be useful in personalized medicine but also in genetic studies of potential laws and inheritance of their associations.

UVOD: Atrofični ožiljci nastaju kao česta posledica nelečenih akni, usled smanjene sinteze kolagena i poremećenih mehanizama reparacije tkiva. Plazma bogata trombocitima (PRP) se poslednjih godina sve češće koristi u terapiji ožiljaka zahvaljujući svojim regenerativnim sposobnostima, kao što su stimulacija sinteze kolagena, angiogeneza i remodelovanje tkiva.

PRIKAZ BOLESNIKA: Prikazan je slučaj pacijentkinje starosti 33 godine sa atrofičnim ožiljcima od akni tipa icepick i boxcar, lokalizovanim obostrano na obrazima. Sprovedena su tri PRP tretmana u razmaku od 4-6 nedelja. Korišćen je komercijalni PRP set, a dobijena plazma aplikovana je intradermalno iglom do 30G na dubini od oko 2mm. Sprovedena je klinička evaluacija i fotodokumentacija pre i posle serije tretmana. Nakon sprovedene terapije zabeleženo je značajno kliničko poboljšanje.

ZAKLJUČAK: PRP terapija se pokazala kao efikasna, bezbedna i dobro podnošljiva terapija u lečenju atrofičnih ožiljaka od akni. Iako standardizovan protokol u lečenju atrofičnih ožiljaka ne postoji, ovaj prikaz slučaja podržava PRP kao vrednu samostalnu ili kombinovanu terapijsku proceduru.

KLJUČNE REČI: Plazma bogata trombocitima, atrofični ožiljci od akni

Introduction: Syncope is a sudden, short-lived, transient loss of consciousness associated with the inability to maintain postural tone. The aim of this paper is: to determine the frequency of syncope in children and adolescents in our conditions, to analyze the characteristics of syncopal episodes and clinical presentation in order to identify the etiology of seizures, and to provide diagnostic protocols, i.e. guidelines for streamlining clinical trials.

Methodology: The diagnosis of the disease was made clinically on the basis of well-taken anamnestic data and a detailed description of the quality of the attack, physical examination and routine laboratory analyzes: (CBC, glycemia, standard ECG). Additional tests were selectively performed: Holter ECG, ergometry, Tilt table test, Echocardiogram, NMR, EEG.

Results: Out of the total number of examined children in the outpatient Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, 139 patients (0.6%) reported due to short-term loss of consciousness. The largest number of children was between 15 and 18 years old. Ninety-two ( 66%) of those 139 were girls, and 47 (34%) were boys (p <0.05). Regarding the cause of syncope, it was found in 117 (84%) patients, and in 22 (16%) children the cause of syncope was unknown (p <0.05). Etiologically spreaking, syncope was divided into 3 groups: autonomic (vasovagal, situational, orthostatic, increased vagus tone in athletes) was the most common, in 88 patients (75%), cardiogenic in 5 (4%) and non-cardiogenic in 24 patients.(21%). There was also a recurrence of the attack. In two children, the syncopal attack was repeated 4 times.

CONCLUSION: Syncope most often occurs in teenagers and is mostly benign. To assess syncope, it is necessary to gather a detailed history of the attack, to conduct a detailed physical examination and routine laboratory analyzes: CBC, glycemia and standard ECG. Supplementary diagnostics should be performed exclusively in patients where there is a reasonable suspicion of heart disease or neurological diseases. 

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in children under the age of 5 years. In addition to the progress of modern medicine, the cause of KD is currently unknown and specific diagnostic tests for definitive diagnosis does not exist. The differential-diagnostic enigma is the exclusion of other diseases with similar clinical features. The primary treatment in the acute phase of KD is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA/aspirin). There is not a recommendation to a uniform therapeutic approach in refractory KD. The role of corticosteroids is still controversial, but there are studies that support its use as adjuvant treatment. Most patients have a good prognosis. The focus of future research should be the formulation of new algorithms for detection, differential diagnostic triage and treatment of KD. 

Introduction: This study highlights the importance of transitioning to a modern approach to outpatient surgery, analyzing the safety and feasibility of this treatment model in patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy, with a focus on postoperative complications.

Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the medical records of 626 patients over a five-year period, from 2011 to 2015, at the Surgery Clinic of the "Dr Dragiša Mišović – Dedinje" in Belgrade. This period allowed for a reliable analysis of the safety and feasibility of outpatientthyroid surgery.

Results: A total of 97 hemithyroidectomies and 529 total thyroidectomies were performed. The average age of hemithyroidectomy patients was 51.24 years, and for total thyroidectomy patients, it was 54.88 years. The most common substrates were benign tumors (over 50%) for hemithyroidectomies and multinodular goiters (almost 50%) for total thyroidectomies. The average hospital stay was 1 day for hemithyroidectomies and 1.48 days for total thyroidectomies. Complications included postoperative bleeding (0.57%), subcutaneous hematoma (1.32%), subcutaneous seroma (2.08%), temporary hypocalcemia or hypoparathyroidism (18.9%), permanent hypocalcemia or hypoparathyroidism (0.76%), temporary vocal cord paralysis (2.65%), permanent vocal cord paralysis (1.89%), bilateral vocal cord paralysis (0.19%), and mortality (0%).

Conclusion: The study confirmed the feasibility and safety of outpatient thyroid surgery, with minimal complications and short hospital stays, especially for hemithyroidectomy, but careful postoperative monitoring is required for patients undergoing total thyroidectomy. 

 Ruptura potkožne tetive ekstenzora policis longusa (EPL) je jedna od najčešćih povreda tetiva ekstenzora šake. Ova vrsta povrede može biti posledica
 trauma ručnog zgloba. Češće se javlja kao posledica degenerativne ili inflamatorne bolesti. Ponekad se to dešava bez predisponirajućeg stanja, zbog
 kontinuiranih pokreta savijanja i opružanja palca šake.
 Ruptura tetive EPL-a se obično dešava u predelu Listerove kvrge gde su trenja najveća. Kontinuirano ponavljanje mikrotrauma može da uzrokuje
 rupturu. Engkvist i Lundborg [1] su postavili hipotezu o patogenezi mehanizama ove povrede.  Smatrali su da nakon trauma ili zapaljenja formiran
 hematom unutar omotača tetive dovodi do povećanja pritiska u neelastičnom prostoru. Povećanje pritiska može izazvati promene u snabdevanju krvi i
 može dovesti do nekroze i rupture struktura tetiva. Nakon prekida kontinuiteta tetive EPL-a, retrakcija proksimalnog okrajka je praćena
 degenerativnim procesima koji ugrožavaju direktnu suturu.
 Predloženi su mnogi tretmani, artrodeza interfalangealnog (IP) zgloba palca ili transpozicija tetive ekstenzor indicis proprius (EIP) koju je razvio
 Mensch 1925. god. [1].
 Transpozicija tetive šake je hirurška procedura која uključuje repozicioniranje funkcionalne tetive како bi se obnovila funkcija oštećene tetive šake.
 Ova operacija ima za cilj da vrati pokret, funkciju i snagu šake.
 U ovom radu prenosimo naše iskustvo u lečenja traumatske rupture tetive EPL-a metodom transpozicije tetive EIP-a. Opisujemo operativnu tehniku
 transfera tetive EIP-a na tetivu EPL.
 Ključne reči: trasnpozicija tetive, ekstenzor policis longus, ekstenzor indicis proprius, funkcija.

Sveži prelomi u ortopedskoj hirurgiji i traumatologiji, dovode do hemodinamske nestabilnosti celokupnog organizma. Kod otvorenih preloma, stepen
 hemodinamske nestabilnosti organizma je značajno veći. Prioritet u lečenju svežih preloma ima DAMAGE CONTROL IN ORTHOPEDIC (DCO). DCO je
 invazivna procedura koja ima ulogu kako u stabilizaciji preloma, tako i u kontroli krvarenja. Prelomi dugih kostiju kao i prelom karlice su apsolutna
 indikacija za DCO. Slobodno možemo reći da ova procedura prestavlja prioritet u lečenju svežih preloma. Procedura je individualizovana u zavisnosti
 od težine povrede kao i  hemodinamskog statusa povređenog pacijenta. U ortopedskoj hirurgiji i traumatologiji kao standardna procedura u DCO
 koristi se spoljašnji fiksator po Mitkoviću. Ortopedski hirurzi moraju biti jako prisebni i obazrivi kod pregledapacijenata sa politraumom i da
 prepoznaju tkzv. trougao smrti. Trougao smrti čine: acidoza, hipotermija i koagulopatija. Svaka karika je medjusobno povezana jedna sa drugom
 dovode do ireverzibilnih promena u organizmu što za posledicu ima smrtni ishod. DCO se sprovodi u tri faze: 1) podrazumeva kontrolu kvarenja,
 smanjenje kontaminacija bakterijama, kao i privremenu fiksaciju preloma. Sve ovo je neophodno uraditi u roku od 1-2h.; 2)  obuhvata stabilizaciju
 vitalnih parametara u JIN-e kao i reanimacija pacijenta ordiniranjem neophodne terapije, krvi i krvnih derivata.; 3) podrazumeva definitivna metoda
 lečenja u smislu nastavka lečenja preloma spoljasnjim fiksatorom ili konverzija u neku drugu metodu lečenja.

 Uvod: Kognitivni pojačivači (KP) poboljšavaju kognitivne funkcije putem neurotransmitera CNS-a. Čine raznorodnu grupu supstanci koje se
 svakodnevno uzimaju kao napici nalik kafi, biljni lekovi i dijetetski suplementi (“meki pojačivači”) ili lekovi koji se koriste u lečenju bolesti
 (nootropici). Upotreba i zloupotreba su česte u studentskoj populaciji sa brojnim etičkim pitanjima.  
Cilj: Utvrđivanje informisanosti studenata medicine, njihovih stavova o upotrebi i stepenu rizika od neželjenog delovanja KP, na osnovu pretpostavke
 da je upotreba ovih supstanci redovna.
 Materijal I metode: Studija preseka je sprovedena po tipu anonimnog anketnog istraživanja na Medicinskom fakultetu Priština sa privremenim
 sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici. U ispitivanju su dobrovoljno učestvovali studenti medicine prve tri godine integrisanih studija koji nisu položili ispit iz
 predmeta Farmakologija sa toksikologijom. Upitnik je obuhvatio socio-demografske podatke, podatke o koncentraciji i navikama u učenju, stepen
 informisanosti, procenu upotrebe i procenu rizika korišćenja KP. Stratifikacija uzorka je izvršena prema polu studenata, a Likert-ova skala je poslužila
 za rangiranje stavova ispitanika.
 Rezultati: Od ukupnog broja anketiranih (n=249) u konačnu statističku analizu podataka uključeno je 169 anketnih upitnika (M 32,5 %, Ž 67,5%).
 Najviše studenata je bilo sa druge godine studija (40%), dok je najviše studentkinja bilo sa prve godine (48,2%). Uočena je statistički značajna razlika
 između ispitivanih grupa u odnosu na godinu studiranja (p=0,009).  Informacije o KP su novina za 40,2% ispitanika (M 49,1%, Ž 36%). Da je o njihovoj
 primeni dovoljno informisano smatra 23,7 % ispitanika (M 20%, Ž 25,4%). Postoji statistički značajna razlika u upotrebi internet baza za informisanje o
 KP (p<0,001).Najveći broj studenata (71,6%) koristi internet za informisanje o KP, pri čemu je korišćenje internet baza bilo statistički značajno veće
 kod žena u odnosu na muškarce (M 56,4 %,Ž 78,9 %; p=0,002). Više od polovine ispitanika (50,3%) koristi Mediately bazu kao pouzdanu bazu podataka o
 lekovima. Od ukupnog broja studenata 40,8% upotrebljava neki od navedenih KP (M 43,6%, Ž 39,5%). Najčešći razlozi za upotrebu kod obe grupe
 ispitanika su poboljšanje koncentracije (M 27,3%, Ž 28,9%) i uspešnije polaganje ispita (M 25,5%, Ž 15,8%). Oba pola najviše koriste ginko bilobu (M
 29,1%, Ž 32,5%) i metilksantine (M 29,1%, Ž 17,5%). Studenti znatno češće upotrebljavaju kreatin u odnosu na studentkinje (M 20%; Ž 2,6%; p=0,003).
 Obe grupe studenata su prema medijani i interkvartilnom opsegu (25-75%) uočenog rizika od neželjenih reakcija rangirale kokain (M 9,0; Ž 9,0),
 metamfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 8,0) i amfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 7,0) kao najopasnije, dok je ginko biloba procenjena kao najbezbedniji KP (M 3,0; Ž 3,0). 
Zaključak: Većina studenata nije dovoljno informisana o kognitivnim pojačivačima, iako ih koriste samoinicijativno, radi postizanja boljih rezultata na
 studijama. Neophodno je studente uputiti na adekvatne izvore informisanja i organizovati vannastavne tribine i predavanja o bezbednosti i efikasnosti
 KP pre upotrebe. U skladu sa trendovima u svetu, može se očekivati porast zloupotrebe nootropika na univerzitetima i u našoj zemlji. Smatramo da bi
 trebalo ponoviti ili organizovati slično ispitivanje kroz par godina, po mogućstvu u većem obimu.
 Ključne reči: kognitivni pojačivači, informisanost studenata, stavovi studenata