Although there is generally world trend in decreasing of number of smokers, expecially in developed part of world, smoking cigarettes still have large importance in morbidity and mortality of modern human population. Taking anamnestics data about smoking habit instruct anaesthesiologist to apply special strategy in general anaesthesia for a reason of possible complications provoked bby a chronic influence of nicotin and other tobbaco ingredients on different organs. In this article we wanted to examine influence of chronic tobbaco smoke exposing on arterial oxygen saturation SaO2 during and short period after general anaesthesia. Research was evaluated on patients in Emergency Center of Clinical Center of Serbia. Patients were divided in two groups (ASAI and II): group I smokers (n=40) and group II nosmokers (n=40). Our investigation has shown no statistical significant difference on SaO2 during general anaesthesia between two experimental groups. Immediately after general anaesthesia and extubation in postoperative period SaO2 dicreases (p<0.001) during transport from operating room to recovery room in both groups of patients,but the level of hypoxemia was significantly higher in smokers group. In this study we demonstrated that tobbaco smoking corellate with postoperative decrease of SaO2 after general anaesthesia, proposing an additional oxygen therapy in early postoperative period.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme present in the primary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) participate in oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of these cells. During the course of bacterial meningitis plenty of PMNs leave blood vessels and migrate to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space, and some of their MPO may become, extracellular. MPO activity in control CSF is low (Me = 0.5 U/L), comparing with patients CSF samples of all three groups of proteinorrachia where elevated values were found already on admission (3.5 U/L, 5.0 U/L and 12.0 U/L, respectively), with highest values found during second lumbal punction (5.5 U/L, 7.5 U/L and 14.0 U/L, respectively). Poor correlation was found between albumin quotient and MPO activity CSF/serum, but significant correlation between MPO in CSF and CSF PMNs count.

Apart from great frequency of epithelian, especially preinvasive changes, some very rear diseases common for other lower parts of genital tract (cervix and vulva), are vaginal epithelian changes and especially vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). That's the reason why we don't usually think about this disease, which can have very serious consequences, especially in late discovering of changes in the stadium of invasive malign disease.The aim of this work was to diagnose all pathological changes on vagina: benign, premalign and malign, according to the age of female patients. Biopsy and operative material taken from 1331 female patients treated in Ginecology and Obstetrics Clinic “Narodni front” in Belgrade, were used in this study. The most diagnosed benign changes was condylomata acuminate (42%). Out of 20 cases of premalign changes, VAIN I was diagnosed in 5 cases (25%) as a slight degree of premalign changes, while VAIN II and VAIN III were diagnosed in 5 cases as a severe degree of premalign lesions. Out of 11 cases, there were 3 cases (27.27%) of invasive planocellar vagina carcinoma with histological degree G1N1. 8 cases (72.72%) were with histological degree G2N2, while there were not a single case with histological degree G3N3. Planocellar vagina carcinoma is the most common in the age of 41-50.

Identification of victims during war and post war conflicts means for The Republic of Serbia the most important professional, scientific and ethical investigation. Before the process of identification forensics do the exhumation, very important part of process of which depends successful identification. On the Kosovo and Metohija, from 2001 till 2004. forensics did exhumation in some massive graves and in many single graves. Experiences of experts proove that the process of exhumation is very important becouse in that first phase collecting of evidence through forensic investigations have made “disappeared” victims “visible”, empowered survivors, corrected the historical records, and exposed cover-ups. Through forensic investigations including the identification of all injuries on the dead bodies, we faced with the marks and circumstances which followed the death under existing conditions on Kosovo and Metohija. Forensics promotes democratization and rule of law.

Any need of a drug addict to conform to his drug dependence is eliminated by a successfully accomplished closed system of addictive behaviour and circular change of the state of his mind. His addictive behaviour represents the so- called indestructible homeostasis of a drug - addict' s family. Meeting the drug- user's needs deprives him from any desire to deal with his own personality and behaviour. Only in cases when the addictive behaviour is thwarted by requests and even aggressive behaviour of the parents and other members of the society (environment) who ask for explanation, the sense of menace and effect of projected pursuer is convincingly achieved, which can often lead to aggression.Using the GRADIR scale, the investigation has reported that drug addicts' families are not as defective in sharing their emotions as they are defective in their structure, which intensifies irregularity that leads to drug use. If family were better structured, its member might not turn to drug.

The aim of this study was registration of change in the amplitude of motor unit action potentials of m. bicepsa brachii of the dominant arm in fatigue. Investigation as coducted on 30 participants (15 male and 15 female). In the first phase of the research, 1-RM (one repetition maximum) of the dominant arm was measured. In the second phase, registration of changes in the amplitude of motor units action potentials was conducted during static contraction. Registration was performed twice, with time interval of 15 minutes. The second measurement was significantly shorter than the first. Analysis of EMNG-registration showed linear increase in MUAPamplitude in time. Significantly higher values of MUAPamplitude in the second measurements were registrated in both groups (p<0.05). Analysis of MUAPamlitude velocity change showed significantly higher values in the second measurement in males. There is no significant change in all registered values between males and females (p> 0.05).

One of aims of health surveys is comparison helth status of residents on different territories. Comparative analysis оf health surveys in five countries: (England, USA, Ireland, Canada and Hungary) and establish opportunities for comparison health status of residents in different country. Will be doing comparative analysis of results from health surveys in five quoted country. First of all, will be doing comparison of methods and derived results. Specially, will be notice on determinants of health which are applied in surveys. Methodology which was used is, mainly, similar in all country. Its health state like a best describes residents of USA. There are most smokers among Hungarians (30,5%) and least of all among Americans (17%). There are most obeses among residents of England (23,1%) and least of all among Canadians (15%). Most Americans and Hungarians (85%) visited general practitioners in recent year. Questions about limited mobility, depression, mental health, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, blood pressure, fisical activity, mammography, prescribe medicine, estimation quality of health care service and satisfaction with health care service there isn't in most of surveys. We can conclude that the methodology, which was used in surveys, is mainly similar. There are, obviously, variances in wording questions, respecting in determinants of health wich are exploratives in questionnaires. In order to escape these variances, one of the solution would have been using standardized questionnaires, which will be using in future surveys in all country.

Craniomandibular dysfunction are serious problem in stomatological practise from the aspect of prevention therapy and checkup. The frequency of this defect as well as its sings and symptoms were registered within randomly selected sample of examinees consisting of 70 individuals. The examinees were submitted to Fricton-Schiffman clinical function analysis wich indicated the presence of sings and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction. Within examined population 128 examinees had the sings and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction. It was determined in demographic analysis that diseased examinees were between the ages of 17 and 35 as well as that this sickness was commoner to female individuals in the ratio of 4:1. The most frequent symptoms were the following: muscles pain sensitivity to palpation (888%) lateral deformation of the lower jaw while opening the mouth (778%) and sound signals in temporomandibular joint while moving the lower jaw (77%). The highest frequency of pain sensitivity was in: m. pterigoideus lateralis m. maseter and lower insertion of m. trapesius. The most frequent sound signal was the one registered during the lateral movements of the lower jaw

We have been analyzing a number of patients with cerebral-vascular insult in a period of 1998-2003 year, clinical picture in the time of the reception, the development of the illness, the result and the therapy access in the Neuropsychiatric Department of Health Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. It is concluded that the number of CVI is significantly higher after the NATO bombing, the development of the illness more difficult and a detailed analyses of the causes is in progress. In a period of 01. 01. 1998 until 31. 12. 2003. year, 1829 of patients have been on hospital treatment and 252 of them have been treated from CVI, in the Neuropsychiatric Department of Health in Kosovska Mitrovica. During clinical prospective, retrospective and static research in has been concluded that:in the above mentioned period the number of CVI patients have been increasing in regard to the total number of treated patients in Neuropsychiatric Department of Health Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. The percentage of CVI relapse is increasing(the highest percentage is in 1999). It has been established that besides the well known causes for the occurrence of CVI such as:hypertension, the heart disease, disorders of heart rhythm, endocrine disease(Diabetes mellitus) end also the well known factors of risk for causing of mentioned diseases(corpulence, raised value oh cholesterol in blood, smoking, insufficient physical activity, excessive consuming of alcohol etc). Relevant factor for the occurrence of CVI is the factor of stress, social and territorial isolation of the Serbian population immediate after NATO bombing on the territory of Kosovo and Metohija.

Aim of this study was to identify the most relevant epidemiological risk factors for acquiring tularemia. Method used in the study was cross section. During period 2000-2006 at the territory of Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohia region) 254 tularemia cases were identified. No lethal outcomes were noted. Tularemia was registered in 11 districts of Central Serbia, while no cases of the disease were noticed in region of Vojvodina. In Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohia there were 4 cases of Tularemia. 4 epidemics with 21 diseased persons were reported at territory of Central Serbia. Majority of patients were 20-60 years old (86%). No significance difference in sex distribution was observed. Almost the same number of male (129) and female (125) patients was affected. This could be explained by identical exposure of both sexes to diseases causative agents. The disease has seasonal character. It occurs most often in late autumn and winter due to contact with diseased rabbits during hunting season, meat consummation, and inhalation of dust containing diseased animal excreta. During observation period linear trend of incidence rate have not shown statistically significant elevation neither decrease.

Its analyzed from a epidemic figurante aspect. The childrens department, health headquarters from Kosovska Mitrovica in the year of 2007. They were able to bring 748 children for healing. Down North Kosovo, they had 81% of children and another 7% from the village Priluzje and Plementina come. There was a increase in the number of incoming children in January and Febuary. And then the same time, in september and October. Half of the healed childrens age varies up to 2 years old. In a period of 6 days, they are able to heal 72, 6% of children. In the 94 stuctured diagnosises, they were able to show all the morbidity. Dominating sickness of the respitory system, in the winter season. And the digestive system in the fall season.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease, which produces articular symptoms and damage, leading to disability. The aim of the study was the estimate frequency comorbidity, functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.This study included 60 patients (48 female and 12 male) with rheumatoid arthritis, mean age 53,92±7,06. Anatomical stage and functional class were analyzed according to Steinbrocker`s criteria. Functional disability was perfo-rmed using health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score. Comorbidity was observed in 36 (60%) of patients (33 female and 3 male). Hypertension were found in 19 (31,67%) of patients, whereas 8 (13,33%) of patients had diabetes. It was established that 7(11,67%) of patients suffered osteoarthritis. The median HAQ score was 1,25±0,70. Poorer functional status was observed in 40% of the patients with comorbidity (HAQ score ≥2), than in the group of patients without comorbidity (21,67 %). The results of the study are showing large frequency coexisting disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The frequency of hypertension and diabetes was greater comparing to general population. The patients with rheumatoid arthritis show harder anatomical stage and comorbidity and greater functional disability, as compared to the patients without coexisting disease.

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is putative premalignant lesions of the prostate. This lesion has role as precuror of prostatic carcinoma (PC), predictive role for PC and high coexistens with PC. Existed two grade of PIN: low grade PIN (LGPIN) and high grade PIN (HGPIN). PC is most important malignacy in man and has high mortality in male. The aim of research was to invastigated morphological comparative patterns of HGPIN and PC. We analyzed biopsy material of 299 cases (cs). We used histopathological metods of investigation. We found HGPIN in 42 cs (14.0%) with mean age 66.3 y and PC in 35 cs (11.7%) with mean age 70.7 y. HGPIN was most frequently in the seventh decade of life (54.8%), and PC in the eight decade (45.4%). Four common pattern of HGPIN were identified: tufting (78.6%), micropapillary (72.8%), cribriform (16.6%) and flat (9.5%). In 21 from 35 cs (60%) with PC was coexistent HGPIN. HGPIN we found in the periferial part in the 22 cs. (52.4%) and in the periurthral part of the prostate in the 12 Cs. (28.6%). HGPIN were multicentric in the 22 cs. (52.4%), in the 15 cs. (68.2%) in the periferial part, and in the 7 cs (31.8%) in the periurethral part of the prostate. PC in the 22 cs (62.9%) was localized in the periferial, and in the 7 cs in the periuretral portion of the prostate. PC was multicentric in 28.6%. Important histological patterns for distinction HGPIN i PC are: disruption of basal cell layer, perineural invasion, mitotic figures, multiple nucleoli, collagenous micronodules, infiltrative growth. HGPIN and PC we found in sufficient percentage. Both lesion were most frequently multicentric, periferial localisation and coexistent. Because of that these lesions needed serious clinical and histological investigations for patients.

Chronic vein insufficiency (CVI) is abnormal functioning of a system of veins resulted from incompetence of vein valves, with or without vein obstruction covering both surface and deep veins. Nowadays there are various standars in the diagnosis of CVI and variations of treatment modalities, which increases the importance of occuracy and foundations of the diagnosis. In the consideration of diagnostic needs of patients with CVI, CEAP classification is suggested. This classification defines clinic categories, etiology of problem, covered anatomical segments and pathological mechanisms of CVI.

+Gz acceleration is unique dynamic stress to organism. Development of this occurrence depends not only to magnitude of acceleration but to onset rate and duration too. The most of former researches pointed to +Gz stress as significant stress to basic physiological mechanisms like cardiovascular and respiratory system. The new study was to examine responses of neuroendocrine and immune system to +Gz stress.

Strenuous exercises greatly increase oxygen consumption in the whole body, especially in skeletal muscles. Large part of oxygen consumption by the body is reduced to H O and ATP, but smaller part (2-5%) of these tremendious increase 2 oxygen consumption results in an increased leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial respiratory chain, forming various reactive oxygen species-ROS (O ˙ˉ, H O i OH˙). TheseROS are capable of triggering a chain of damaging biochemical and 2 2 2 physiological reactions such as oxidative stress and lipid peroxidatio. There is a groving number of informaztions pointing on important role of free radicals as mediators in inflamation and damage of skeletal muscles after strenuous exercise. The mechanism of exercise induced oxidative stress are not well understood. The mitochondrial electron transport chain, polymorphneutrophil and xanthine oxidase have been identified as major source of intracellular free radical generation during and after exercise. Also the interaction of metmyoglobin and methaemoglobin with peroxides may be also an importante source of oxidative stress during exercise.

Exudative age-related macular degeneration is leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. Subfoveal localisation of choroidal neovascular membrane is the most difficult form for treatment. At the last three years, the new group of agens well-known as anti-VEGF agens was approved for treatment of exudative AMD. In that purpose, intravitreally administrated agens is recommended. Efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF agens were proved in short-time follow up period.

Oral isotretinoin is highly effective in treatment of patients with severe acne, but has been concerned with causing occasional depression. Clinicians should be alert to the high prevalence of depression among people with acne. Isotretinoin has many unwanted effects, among which possible unproven effects on mood have to be included. If depression or other mood change occurs, then isotretinoin treatment should be discontinued. If treatment is continued, psychiatric support should be obtained.

Inhibins are glycoprotein hormones of which there are two molecular forms, inhibin A and inhibin B. Classically, inhibin is known to have a negative feedback effect on pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. The fetoplacental unit produced inhibin throughout pregnancy. Inhibin Ais the predominant molecular form of inhibin in maternal circulation from 4 week of gestation. Although the precise biological function of inhibin Ain pregnancy is unclear, it is evident from recent studies that inhibin A could be a better marker of placental function than human chorionic gonadotropin because of its shorter half-life. The possible clinical application for the measurement of inhibin Ain early pregnancy could be in predicting miscarriage , Down's syndrome, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction in the first and/or second trimester before the onset of yhe clinical symptoms. Inaddition, several evidences underline the potential role and the clinical usefulness of their measurements in the diagnosis, prevention,prognosis and follow-up of different gestational pathologies such as:threatened abortion, placental tumors, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,intrautherine growth restriction,fetal hypoxia.The measurement of inhibin Aand activin Ainto the biological fluids of pregnancy will offer in the future further possibilities in early diagnosis,prediction and monitoring pregnancy diseases.

L-carnitine is assorted with non-vitamin nutritives (metavitamines) on the grounds of importance to the living process, while itb similar to aminoacids in terms of structure. It has multistructural role in functioning of an organism while one of the most important and best investigated roles is the sphere of energizing metabolism because it is needed for the transport of the longchain fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are subject to a β oxidation. It has widespread clinical application in prevention and therapy of: genetic and secondarycarnithine deficiency, cardiovascular disease, lipid metabolism disorder, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, aciduria of organic acids, renal and liver insuficiency, neuropathy, miopathy, as well as the means for improvent of fitness capacites of sportsmen. L-carnitine is crucial part of organism of mamals, therefore it can be applied in relatively big doses whereby it requires no detoxication in liver, on the contrary, it significaty increases its detoxication capacites. Key words: L-carnitine, Physiology, Prevention , Therapy. L-carnitine is assorted with non-vitamin nutritives (metavitamines) on the grounds of importance to the living process, while itb similar to aminoacids in terms of structure. It has multistructural role in functioning of an organism while one of the most important and best investigated rol condarycarnithine deficiency, cardiovascular disease, lipid metabolism disorder, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, aciduria of organic acids, renal and liver insuficiency, neuropathy, miopathy, as well as the means for improvent of fitness capacites of sportsmen. L-carnitine is crucial part of organism of mamals, therefore it can be applied in relatively big doses whereby it requires no detoxication in liver, on the contrary, it significaty increases its detoxication capacites.

Echinococcus is a zoonosis, parasitic disease, caused by echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocolaris, E. Vogeli and E. oligarthus. The most frequent at humans is a cystic form of the disease caused by E. granulosus, and rarely the alveolar one caused by E. multilocolaris seu alveolaris. It can affect all the organs and tissues. The most affected ones are: liver (70- 80%) and lungs (10-25%), while rarely, at 5% it can be found in spleen, kidneys, brain, heart, pancreas, mussels and skeleton. The only secure treatment of the primary echinococcosis is the surgical one. It should start immediately after the diagnosis is set in order to avoid complications which follow echinococcosis. Several surgical methods are used in practice for live echinococcus treatment: partial pericystectomia, total cystopericystectomia and liver resection. Aim of the work is to show the importance of the echinococcus cyst of liver and treatment methods. The patient presented in the work is Dj.G., female, register number of the disease history 355/14.05.2007., 61 years old, hospitalized at Surgical Clinic because of the surgery of echinococcus cyst on the left liver lobe. Diagnosis was set by abdomen USG, CT of the abdomen, and laboratory analyses. During the surgery, we found a big echinococcus cyst localized in the second and third segment of liver, so we did a liver resection as a bisegmetectomia with total ekstirpacija of the cyst. Postoperative flow passed normally and the patient
was on the eight postoperative day sent to further home care in a generally and locally good state.

Migraine headaches are very frequent and its prevalence rates between 15-18% in women and 5-6% in men (1). Migraine attacks vary very mach in their intensity and frequency from patient to patient, and during the time in same patient. Even 75% of the patients describe attacks as heavy or extremely heavy. Although somatic and neurology exams between attacks reveal regular findings, migraine can have great impact on the patients quality of life (social limitations, complications caused by drugs, psychiatric and somatic morbidity (2) In spite usual believes headaches are very often in children. Before puberty boys safer more frequently than girls. Just the same, in early childhood as well as in adolescence migraine pain could mimic and compromise bringing up the right diagnosis of the other possible somatic causes, most likely one sided headaches. Our case presentation points out one of the possibilities. L.M 15-years old patient hospitalized on the pediatric department of the ,,Kralj Milutin Clinic,, in Laplje Selo on October 2007, under the diagnosis of blanking out and left sided headache. After neurology exam and neurology diagnostic procedures done MR cerebra and MR-angiography, diagnose of aneurism of right the ACM (arteria cerebra media) has been established, and operatively treated. After the intervention, patient stays without intensive headaches , only weak pain on the left side of the head, now and on, without blanks.

Fracture of orbital floor is relatively frequenthly injuries. Fractures can appear same in war or peacefull conditions. War injuries can be bursting, and in many cases is very hard, with fracture, dislocation and defect more of orbit walls. Peacefulls injuries orbital floor appear mostly in car exident, fight, fall on face, and also in sports activity. Regarding specific anatomic structure, sensitive position and content of orbital cavity, even today exists different opinion especially by question of mechanism of originate, same as question of injury treatment.