Drug (chemical) dependency (the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of drugs for no medical purposes despite social, psychological, and physical problems that may arise from such use) is a widespread phenomenon. He (or she) loses freedom of choice. Because of a deep emotional and physical need of addicts to get a drug, their basic activity is inclined to supply “chosen” substance. Repeating use of substance and its effects, affect their health and interpersonal relationships. Addict denies that. His (or her) possibility to recognize it is limited or ruined. Incorrect pattern of life persists. Cognition of real facts about substance evidently does not protect enough from addiction. In this work effectiveness of a specific, emotional approach in the therapy of addiction has been analyzed. Dependent is faced with another emotion, supposing competitive to those of consuming “chosen” substance it is. It is expected that strong emotion could activate available, but unattended cognitive contents. Experimental confirmation of working hypothesis is based on emotional approach to alcohol-dependents. They have been faced with an emotional (literal and /or painted) message of anonym child in the connection with children's heavy firsthand experiences of alcoholism in the family. Facing consequences, marks and products of dependence (firsthand experienced children's desperation), experiencing strong enough emotional answer, empathy with other child, alcoholic recognizes desperation of his own related. Faced those experiences, he recognizes their own parental role in their family as negative role. Skilled psychiatrist can use that empathy as significant therapeutic factor. This empathy makes dependent able to overcome fear of changes and face the necessity to change their pattern of life. Most of them, without any further explanations have been turned into insight of addiction and oriented toward the therapy and rehabilitation. Results encourage practicing physician to apply this approach, first of all in the initiation of the therapy (realizing contacts, insight into disease) and later in the psychotherapy of any kind of chemical dependence. The key task of the therapist could be to find out specific, strong enough emotion that could be in certain case competitive to those of pleasure connected to the misuse of substance and a strong challenge to initiate cognitive processes and to change executive behaviour.
Vorel. Brain Region Responsible For Cocaine Relapse. Vol. 292, Science. p. 1175–8.
2.
M.S. G, R.F. A, C B. Activation of Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Thalamus in Alcoholic Subjects on Exposure to Alcohol-Specific Cues. Vol. 58, Arch Gen Psychiatry. p. 345–52.
3.
A. C, D. M, W M. Limbic Activation During Cue-Induced Cocaine Craving. Vol. 156, Am J Psychiatry. p. 11–8.
4.
MT. B, RL. D, NG H. Psychobiology of Novelty Seeking and Drug Seeking Behavior. Vol. 77, Behav Brain Res. p. 23–43.
5.
DE. C, Ferry-L. BRS, R. B, C. C, D M. The Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) Gene: A Genetic Risk Factor in Smoking. Vol. 6, Pharmacogenetics. p. 73–9.
6.
Genes HDH. Personality, and Smoking Cessation. Vol. 3, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.
7.
Abstract S.36.2.
8.
A. PC, S KK. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Male Twins. Vol. 156, Am J Psychiatry. p. 34–40.
9.
T. S, H. H, J. P, U. F, B. N, A. R, et al. Dopamine D1, D2, and D3 Receptor Genes in Alcohol Dependence. Vol. 5, Psychiatr Genet. p. 171–6.
10.
Erickson CK. Review of Neurotransmitters and Their Role in Alcoholism Treatment. Vol. 1, Alcohol Alcohol. p. 5–11.
11.
French Polynesia ASA. Program and Abstracts of the World Psychiatric Association International Jubilee Congress.
12.
Sh. WM, CK E. Drug Abuse and Dependency: Understanding Gender Differences in Etiology and Management. Vol. 41, J Am Pharm Assoc. p. 78–90.
13.
D. N, sar. Savetovanje o Bolestima Zavisnosti.
14.
Politika B.
15.
C.J.L. M, A.D L. The Global Burden of Disease and Global Health Statistics. Global Burden of Disease Series.
16.
Organization WH. Conference on the Regulation of Tobacco Dependence Treatment Products: Conclusions.
17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette Smoking. Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost. Vol. 42, United States. p. 645–9.
18.
SS. D, DT. S, JL. Y. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends Among Whites in the United States, 1947-1984. Vol. 79, J Natl Cancer Inst. p. 701–70.
19.
D. S, JF F. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention.
20.
AF. G, JD M. Cigarettes, Sex, and Lung Adenocarcinoma. Vol. 89, J Natl Cancer Inst. p. 1563–5.
21.
JA. R, JC. R, TH W. Thoracic Oncology.
22.
SH. L, T. M, S. B. Cancer Statistics, 1999. Vol. 49, Ca-Cancer J Clin. p. 8–31.
23.
SP. S, H.A. B, C.T. G, D.L. T. Sex-Specific Expression of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor: Relationship to Smoking History and Risk of Lung Cancer. Vol. 92, J Natl Cancer Inst. p. 24–33.
24.
SD. S, L G. Proportions of Cancer Deaths Attributable to Cigarette Smoking in Women. Vol. 15, Women’s Health. p. 19–28.
25.
Shopland DR. Tobacco Use and Its Contribution to Early Cancer Mortality with a Special Emphasis on Cigarette Smoking. Vol. 103, Environ Health Perspect. p. 131–42.
26.
Society AT. Cigarette Smoking and Health. Vol. 153, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. p. 861–5.
27.
Sh. WM, CK E. Drug Abuse and Dependency: Understanding Gender Differences in Etiology and Management. Vol. 41, J Am Pharm Assoc. p. 78–90.
28.
R. D, R. P, K. W, R. G, I S. Mortality in Relation to Smoking: 40 Years’ Observations on Male British Doctors. Vol. 309, Br Med J. p. 901–11.
29.
P. M, W. S, K. A, JJ W. Prevalence of Age-Related Maculopathy in Australia. Vol. 102, The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. p. 1450–60.
30.
K. A, P. M, W S. Visual Acuity and the Causes of Visual Loss in Australia. Vol. 103, The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. p. 357–64.
31.
Society AT. Cigarette Smoking and Health. Vol. 153, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. p. 861–5.
32.
Potschke-Langer M. Bericht von der 9. Weltkonferenz über Tabak und Gesundheit vom 10.-14. Oktober 1994 in Paris. Mediziner und Wissenschaftler fordern politisches Handeln: Das Rauchen ist die größte Gefahr für die Gesundheit. Vol. 89, Z Arztl Fortbild Jena. p. 537–9.
Glynn TJ. Improving the Health of U.S. Children: The Need for Early Interventions in Tobacco Use. Vol. 22, Prev Med. p. 513–9.
35.
RD. H, KP. O, IT. C. Smoking Kills More Drunks Than Drinking. Vol. 276, JAMA. p. 1097–103.
36.
AK. H, MR. L, NJ W. The Accumulated Evidence on Lung Cancer and Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Vol. 315, Br Med J. p. 980–8.
37.
Shopland DR. Tobacco Use and Its Contribution to Early Cancer Mortality with a Special Emphasis on Cigarette Smoking. Vol. 103, Environ Health Perspect. p. 131–42.
38.
HG. S, AL. G, GH. L. Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk in Nonsmoking Women. Vol. 84, J Natl Cancer Inst. p. 1417–22.
39.
GR. L, KH D. Passive Smoking: The Medical and Economic Issues. Vol. 93, Am J Med.
40.
Britannica CDE. Mental Health.
41.
B. M, B. R, Porodiljstvo BB. Medicinska knjiga, Beograd-Zagreb. Vol. 1988.
42.
duvana TMO. U: Bolesti zavisnosti - razvoj aktivnosti na prevenciji, lečenju, edukaciji i istraživanju u Jugoslaviji. Udžbenik za postdiplomsko usavršavanje na Medicinskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu. Vol. 2000, Medicinski fakultet, Beograd. p. 291–399.
43.
B. V, G A. Utvrđivanje osnove za cigansku prevenciju zavisnosti. 40. Kongres studenata medicine i stomatologije Jugoslavije. Vrnjačka Banja.
44.
G. A, D. Ž, S J. Učestalost kontakta sa psihoaktivnim supstancama učenika osnovnih škola u Prištini. 41. Kongres studenata medicine i stomatologije. Zlatibor.
45.
Leštarević S. Stil života i orijentacija kao psihosocijalni faktori kod starije osnovnoškolske omladine. 42. Kongres studenata medicine i stomatologije. Lepenski Vir.
46.
KC. S, JL K. Relationship of sudden infant death syndrome to maternal smoking during and after pregnancy. Vol. 90, Pediatrics. p. 905–8.
47.
EA. M, RPK. F, AW. S. Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome. Vol. 91, Pediatrics. p. 893–6.
48.
HS. KC, SL. E, ES. L. The effect of passive smoking and tobacco exposure through breast milk on sudden infant death syndrome. Vol. 273, JAMA. p. 795–8.
49.
MM. W, V. W, PJ. W, DB K. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychopathology in offspring followed to adulthood. Vol. 38, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
50.
S. M, J. B, SV. F, L. C, J J. Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children? Vol. 153, Am J Psychiatry. p. 1138–42.
51.
LN. W, L. PS, K. H, JA. K, JM T. Statewide assessment of a behavioral intervention to reduce cigarette smoking by pregnant women. Vol. 175, Am J Obstet Gynecol. p. 287–8.
52.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health United States 1992 and Healthy People 2000 Review.
53.
V. V, Farmakologija MM. XV izdanje.
54.
Leštarević M. Alcoholism: To insight oriented approach. In: International Conference on the Therapeutic Standards of Psychiatric Diseases.
55.
Leštarević M. Technique “Children picture and word” orienting alcoholics toward rehabilitation. In: World Congress on Rehabilitation in Psychiatry.
56.
Leštarević M. Experience of alcoholic’s child as a sign road towards rehabilitation.
57.
Leštarević M. Alcoholics’ fear of the changes - therapeutic problem. In: 12th Thessaloniki Conference of South-East European Society for Neurology and Psychiatry.
58.
I. D, zavisnosti PBP. U: Bolesti zavisnosti - razvoj aktivnosti na prevenciji, lečenju, edukaciji i istraživanju u Jugoslaviji. Udžbenik za postdiplomsko usavršavanje na Medicinskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu. Vol. 2000, Medicinski fakultet, Beograd. p. 4–23.
59.
Metohije LMZ. U: Bolesti zavisnosti - razvoj aktivnosti na prevenciji, lečenju, edukaciji i istraživanju u Jugoslaviji. In: Udžbenik za postdiplomsko usavršavanje na Medicinskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu Medicinski fakultet.
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
