Scientific research of effects of glucagon on the cardiovascular system have shown that glucagon has some
cardiostimulatory potential. The very interesting fact is that glucagon shows its cardiostimulatory effects by activating its
own, higly specific glucagonic receptors. That is way we wanted to research not only the effects of glucagon on the C.V.S.
but also its effects during the depression of the C.V.S. with high dosses of beta blocators (presolol) expecting a good
hemodinamic response. The experiment has been performed on two groups of 6 dogs. The first group of animal was treated
with i.v. bolus injections of glucagon and other group with presolol (15 mg/kg b.w.) i.v., and after that with i.v. bolus
injection of glucagon. Hemodinamic variables (mean arterial pressure, central venal pressure and hearth frequency) were
registred at the 1-st, 2-nd, 3-rd, 10-th, 20-th, 30-th and 40-th minute. The hearth frequency was registred by continous
monitoring, mean arterial pressure was registred with cateter in the arterial femoralis, while the central venal pressure was
registred over central venal cateter in v. femoralis. After the i.v. bolus injection glukagon shows higly positive effects,
followed by short-term increase of the mean arterial pressure, while the c.v.p. considerably falls. During the administration
of presolol the hearth frequency and mean arterial pressure fall considerably and progressively, while the c.v.p. rises
considerably. Glucagon, in conditions of c.v.s. depresion by high doses of presolol (15 mg /kg b.w.) considerably increases
hearth frequency and mean arterial pressure, while the c.v.p. falls considerably.

Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) is the most common adverse effect of blood transfusion. FNHTR is usually immune mediated due to the reaction of white cells antibodies in the recipient's plasma with the leukocytes contanied in the transfused blood components. In some patients, especially recipients transfused with platelets, cytokines are implicated in this reaction. The differential diagnosis may be difficult, especially when co-morbid disorders such as infection or malignancy, and certain treatments, may cause a similar spectrum of symptoms. In differential diagnosis, acute haemolytic transfusion reaction, bacterialy contaminated blood products and transfusion associated lung injury must be exlcuded. Repeated severe FNHTRs necessitate leucocyte depletion of blood components.

Reduced glutathion (GSH), glutathion-reductase (GR) and glutathion-peroxidase (GSH-Px) are significant indicators of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a consequence of increased production of reactive oxygen radicals and/or on the other hand, insufficient antioxidative protection. It is well-known that free radicals have key role in the large number of biological phenomena, such as differentiation, transformation, signal transduction, aging etc., and they are important factors in pathogenesis of various diseases (carcinoma, diabetes, Alzheimer, Parkinson, aterosclerosis). This paper presents results of investigation of content of GSH and activities of GR and GSH-Px in healthy patients and diabetes insulindependent patients between 20 and 75 years of age in the region of Indjija. Correlation between investigated parameters in healthy persons and diabetics was found, as well as with results of similar investigations in other countries. Investigated sample comprised 200 healthy patients (20-75 years) divided into 5 groups, and 80 diabetes patients divided into 4 groups. Every group consisted of equal number of males and females. Above mentioned parameters were determined in hemolysate. Parameters change depending on patient age, and changes are more intense in all patients. Some differences exist in correlation of our results with results obtained in other regions.

Measles are an acute infective disease highly contagious and belongs to the group of rush fevers. The aim of this paper is to examine the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Kosovo and Metohija after introducing the vaccine. The examination was carried out from 1987-1998. Because of the bad success after introducing the vaccine against measles in Kosovo and Metohija, which was not reached the issued minimum of 95% in either year, the measles have kept their epidemiological characteristics that they had in the prevaccinal period. The morbidity rate was in 1989. the highest (215.99 on 100000), and the lowest in 1995 (2.29 on 100000). Mortality rate was between 0-0.66 on 100000. It is very important that in those 4 years there were no dead cases. The cycles are still being registered by measles, with epidemic waves of 3-4 years. Seasons are also preserved, and the top of it is the month of January (291.3 patients on the average). Most patients belong to the preschool age (80.0%). Male children got more often ill (55.1%) than the female children.

Although the assessment of quality of life in past 30 years became more important in the praxis of health care, measuring of quality of life is still relatively new and poorly investigated concept. Quality of life refers to the physical, physiological and social domains of health, seen as distinct areas that are influenced by a persons experiences, belifs, expectations and perceptions. Today it is a very important issue in health care practice as well as in scientific research. In our country there were no trials of measuring of quality of life, so this study could be considered as a first of that kind. Aim of this study was to show components of health and quality of life among school children and youth as well as differences considering their age. Culturally adapted version of Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) was used as an assessment o instrument. The study was performed on a random sample of children and there parents (N =600). This paper describes the study results from parent version of questionnaire. At almost all single scales of health and quality of life, as well as on aggregate scales of physical and psychosocial well-being, most adverse values were obtained for elderly children. Significant differences were found on scales of physical health, accomplishment of social role (considering emotional state and behavior), bodily pain, mental health, self-esteem, family activities and family cohesion, as well as on a aggregate scale of physical well-being. This results confirmed an influence of age on quality of life among children.

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX Sy) presents a continual challenge to the ophthalmologists because of its unknown etiopathogenesis and development of aggressive glaucoma and some complications of the cataract surgery. Contemporary hypothesis focus oxidative stress as a clue event in the ageing process, as well as in age-related cataract genesis. Frequencies of the secondary ageing diseases were investigated in 162 patients with age-related cataract and 55 age and sex matched control subjects, and some elements of the oxidative stress-antioxidation protection and the lipid peroxidation products in their serums. Similar parameters of oxidative stress were also analyzed in 80 samples of humour aqueous and corticonuclear lens' blocks, and compared according to the different secondary ageing diseases appurtenance (diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, obstructive pulmonary diseases etc.), also including PEX Sy. Examined influence of secondary ageing factors and PEX Sy on the age-related cataractogenesis by logistic regression showed the highest odds ratio for the PEX Sy(OR=4,516; p<0,05). Among investigated antioxidant elements (vitamins C and E, peroxidasis, GSH, catalase, albumin, %iMDA) in serums, catalytic activity of catalase shows significantly lower values in patients with PEX Sy(p<0,05). Antioxidant defense of humour aqueous, expressed as rate of induced malondialdehyde (%iMDA), and total sulfhydryle groups in the lens' corticonuclear blocks (TSH) have a lower values, whereas contents of lipid peroxides (LP) shows to a higher degree of the peroxidation in patients with PEX Sy, similar to the findings in patients with cataract and other diseases of the secondary senium. Changes on the corneal endothelium, in the anterior chamber angle, iris and lens, at the presence of the PEX Sy, in some extent respond to the hasten ageing. Findings considering the antioxidative defense and lipid peroxidation, point to possibility that, at least part of pathogenesis of ocular alterations with PEX Sy, appears due to higher oxidative stress. Lower activity of catalase may suggest to the liver function examinations, with the aim of investigation of the PEX Sy nature.

Reliability and validity of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were studied in a population of 68
patients diagnosed with schisophrenia in accordance with (ICD-10) criteria. Interrater reliability was good: 0.61, positive
scale; 0.54, negative scale; 0.52 general psychopathology; 0.55, total scale. Internal consistency was good for total scale
(0.79), positive scale (0.67), and for negative scale (0.72). Internal consistency was weaker for general psychopathology
scale: (0.58). We isolated a 5- factor structure (negative, excitative, positive, depresseve and cognitive), explaining 57.2%
of the total variance. The internal consistency of the 5 factors isolated was good (0.79, negative factor; 0.76, excitation
factor; 0.75, positive factor; 0.73, depressive factor; and 0.65, cognitive). 

Drug (chemical) dependency (the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of drugs for no medical purposes
despite social, psychological, and physical problems that may arise from such use) is a widespread phenomenon. He (or she) loses freedom of choice. Because of a deep emotional and physical need of addicts to get a drug, their basic activity is inclined to supply “chosen” substance. Repeating use of substance and its effects, affect their health and interpersonal
relationships. Addict denies that. His (or her) possibility to recognize it is limited or ruined. Incorrect pattern of life persists.
Cognition of real facts about substance evidently does not protect enough from addiction. In this work effectiveness of a
specific, emotional approach in the therapy of addiction has been analyzed. Dependent is faced with another emotion,
supposing competitive to those of consuming “chosen” substance it is. It is expected that strong emotion could activate
available, but unattended cognitive contents. Experimental confirmation of working hypothesis is based on emotional
approach to alcohol-dependents. They have been faced with an emotional (literal and /or painted) message of anonym child in the connection with children's heavy firsthand experiences of alcoholism in the family. Facing consequences, marks and products of dependence (firsthand experienced children's desperation), experiencing strong enough emotional answer, empathy with other child, alcoholic recognizes desperation of his own related. Faced those experiences, he recognizes their own parental role in their family as negative role. Skilled psychiatrist can use that empathy as significant therapeutic factor. This empathy makes dependent able to overcome fear of changes and face the necessity to change their pattern of life. Most of them, without any further explanations have been turned into insight of addiction and oriented toward the therapy and rehabilitation. Results encourage practicing physician to apply this approach, first of all in the initiation of the therapy (realizing contacts, insight into disease) and later in the psychotherapy of any kind of chemical dependence. The key task of the therapist could be to find out specific, strong enough emotion that could be in certain case competitive to those of pleasure connected to the misuse of substance and a strong challenge to initiate cognitive processes and to change executive behaviour. 

Background: Ultrasonography(US) is a method in diagnosis of hepatobillious tracts. Due to the construction of
modern ultrasound facilities this method presents one of the most important method in this field due to the fact that it is:
uninvasive method, it does not procedure harmful biological effect; it does not demand contrastive means, there are no
counter indications known, and it does not provoke uneasiness to patient. Methods:200 patients were treated ultrasonographically at Surgical Clinic Faculty of Medicine in Pristina. Results: In 119(59,9%) cases calculus in gallbladder was localised ultrasonographically and in 131(65,5%) cases operativelly. Calculus was found in Hartmann's place in 60 (30%) cases ultrasonographycally and in 65(32,5%) cases operativelly. Calculus in d.cysticus was operativelly found in 4 (2,0%) cases and it was not found ultrasonographically. Solitary calculosis was found ultrasonographically in 52 (26,0%) cases and it was confirmed operativelly 47 (23,5%) cases.Multiple calculosis was diagnosed ultarsonographically in(148 74%) cases, and operativelly in 153(76,5%) cases. Anteroposterious radious of gall bladder was found ultrasonographically to be 3 or more then 5 cmm long in 109(54,5%) cases, and operativelly in 111(55,5%) cases. Gallbladder wall size higher than 3 mm was found US in 149(74,5%) cases,and operativelly in 137 (68,5%) cases. Choledocholithiasis was US diagnosed in 29 (53,7%) cases and operativelly in 54 cases. Gallbladder carcinom was US diagnosed in 5(2,5%), and operativelly found in 7 (3,5 %) cases, 6 (3,0%) gallbladder path carcinomes were not US diagnosed. Conclusion:Those results show that ultrasonography is a method of chois in gallbladder disseases treatment accuracy of the method equalls 89,5% on our clinical material.

The aim of this study was to describe the oral health care system, it's elements (input, process, output and outcome)
and the sociodemographic and behavioral factors relevant to oral health promotion and the oral health care system and to
provide policy markers with information that can be used to improve oral health and the efficiency of the oral health care
system. The modular approach used in the study to guide questionare design, sampling, data collection and analysis is based on Blum's model of the determinants of health status.The study has 3 sources of data: provider surveys, consumer survey and dental epidemiological survey. Logistic regression and data mining was used to establish which of the system's elements has the most influence on oral health outcomes as well as the system outcome. Taking into account sample entropy (.99bit) and value of assessed Bye's error (51.3%) method data mining - (automatic inductive learning) establish use of topical fluorides - fluoride toothpaste as significant factor for the health outcome. Other established factors are variables from input and they are related to dentist and their attitude towards oral health education.