Transition of xenobiotics from blood into brain tissue is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a very selective functional barrier that excludes penetration of various substances, while allowing essential nutrients to enter into CNS. Transport of drugs through the intact BBB depends of their physico-chemical characteristics, the way of drug application and of anatomical and functional integrity of the barrier. The aim of this work was to examine penetration of quinine and lysinacetylsalicilate in vivo through the rat BBB, after the intraarterial injection via the a. axillaris in the course to CNS. The
experiment was done on anaesthetized Wistar rats, body weight 200-300 g. Test animals received injection of quinine (25 mg/kg) or LAS (90 mg/kg). Blood from the left jugular vein and brain samples (brain stem, cerebellum, right and left cerebral hemispheres) were taken in four minutes period. Quinine concentrations in rat brain were higher than in blood (ratio between blood/brain concentration was <1) while LAS concentrations in blood were permanently higher, according to their liposolubility. Maximal concentration in the brain tissue of both drugs are time dependent which indicated the useness of an active transport

The pustula maligna is most often clinical form of antrax. Disease is today a relative Rarity, but its appearance (sporadic or in epidemia) always to be surprised, especially in the biology war. Antrax have a big significant and today, we analyzed clinical findings of pustula maligna and its differential diagnosis. 

Glucagon is polypeptide hormone derived from pancreas which in addition to its metabolic actions has also certain cardiovascular stimulatory effects. We've explored the effects of glucagon on hemodynamic variables (mean arterial pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure) and on catecholamine level and the electrolite level in the kanine sera. It was estimated that glucagon expressed the positive chronotropic effect and significantly lowers the central venous pressure while inconsiderably inceases mean arterial blood pressure. It also leads to transient (short-lasting) hipokaliemia and nonsignificant hipocalcemia. As the result of the action of the glucagone, the serum adrenaline concentrations were significantly increased while the serum noradrenaline concentratios were significantly decreased

Ocular changes at the patients on dialysis are numerous but unique,too. They are caused by primary end-stage renal disease, influence of dialysing itself and regular co-morbid condition. Purpose of this study is to indicate specific ocular finding among patients who are on dialysis. This prospective study assessed 81 patients on regular, chronic dialysis. They underwent complete ophthalmologic examination. The most common findings were the following: conjunctival calcification (53 eyes), cataract (43 eyes) and retinal microangio-pathies(atherosclerotic, hypertensive and occlusive-in total 168 eyes). All findings mentioned above were statistically significant (p<0. 001) regarding to normal population. Ophthalmologist must be familiar with those abnormalities what is necessary for pointing out on special systemic co-morbid condition at the patients on dialysis.

Considering its importance in cell replication and differentiation, programmed cell death, DNA transcription, function of hormones, biological membranes and immunological system, zinc probably has a major role in enabling a proper
function of different tissues, organs and organic system in general. As an essential micronutrient wich is directly involved in metabolizm of insulin, zinc play important role in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. On the other hand, low zinc absorption and hyperzincuria in diabetic animals and humans have indicated that diabetics are more susceptibile to zinc deficiency compared to healthy persons. Inasmuch as zinc plays an important role in syntesis, storage and secretion of insulin as well as conformational integrity of insulin in the hexameric form, zinc deficiency may adversely affect the ability of the islet Numerous studies suggested that urinary zinc excretion was higher in diabetes mellitus, probably as result of hyperglycemia. In contribution, there are findings about correlation between urinary zinc excretion and blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Recent experimental investigations showed that zinc supplementation inhibited NF-kB activation in the pancreas and decreased the expression of inducibile nitric oxide synthase, a downstream target gene of NF-kB. The ability of zinc to modulate NF-kB activation in the diabetogenic pathway may be the key mechanism for zinc's protective effect and important criterion for choosing nutritional strategies for diabetes mellitus prevention.

Klebsilla pneumoniae is the very rarely cause of osteomyelitis in adults, most commonly in the immunocompromised patients with extra-sceletal infections. Successful therapy of chronic refractory osteomyelitis included different orthopaedic methods of treatment, the long time antibiotics therapy and more and more freaquently treatment with adjuvant hyperbaric oxygenation. We report an uncommon case of patient with chronic postraumatic osteomyelitis cased by dissemination of Klebsilla pneumoniae from urinary tract to place of osteosinthesis of femur. Treatment of this case of chronic refractory Klebsilla osteomyelitis finished successfuly after treatment with hyperbaric oxygenation two years from start of desease. 

Pruritus is one of the commonest symptoms of dermatologic appearances in uraemic syndrome and it occurs in 90% of patients on dialysis with different etiology and pathophysiology. The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency of uraemic pruritus and the comparison with clinical and biochemical parameters in 124 patients treated by chronicle haemodialysis at Department of Haemodialysis, Urology and Nephrology Clinic, Clinical Center “Kragujevac”. The routine laboratory analyzes were carried out in examined patients and the concentration of parathyroid hormone was determined. The study was based on data from history of disease and  questionnaire carried out in all patients. Of 124 patients, 65,3% were male and 34,7% were female, mean age of 55,98±12,94 years; the mean time on HD was 55,5 ±50,4 months. 46,8% of examined patients had symptoms of uraemic pruritus. Uraemic syndrome and uraemic complications, manifested by the concentration of urea, 21,57±7,56 vs. 22,93±5,754; p=0,05 and time on dialysis, 67,27±60,07 vs. 43,64±36,84; p=0,02, are the significant parameters of uraemic pruritus. Serum concentration of iron 15,16±8,03 vs. 11,73±6,21; p=0,05 and UIBC 25,12±10,6 vs. 30,45±9,86; p=0,04, as well as hyperglycemia 6,16±2,516 vs. 6,82±2,872; p=0,02 are significantly correlated with uraemic pruritus. There was a statistically significant difference in albumin concentration 35,84±9,09 vs. 37,72± 3,105; p=0,05 but our results were reverse to the data in literature where the reported albumin level was higher in patients with uraemic pruritus. 27,6% of examined patients had itching of all the body what is in correlation with literature. Between the patients with localized itching and patients with generalized itching, there are statistical significance in following: number of erythrocytes 2,4±0,96 vs. 2,7±0,6; p=0,02, concentration of hemoglobin 78,53±31,44 vs. 89,36±19,81; p=0,05, hematocrit 0,23±0,089 vs. 0,26±0,057; p=0,02 and TIBC 29,45±12,01 vs. 34±4,86; p=0,02, as well as concentration of glycemia 5,38±2,52 vs. 6,42±2,12; p=0,01.

In period of ten years from o1.01.1990- till the 30.06.1999 on the University clinic of Gynecology and Obstetric in Pristina there were 2474 repeted cesarean section. With two S.C. were 2041, with three S.C. were 343, with the four S.C. 74 and with the five S.C. were 16 women. Intraoperation risck in repeated S.C. was defined with preasants of the erly intraoperation complicatios such as (hysterectomia caesarea, lesio vesicae urinariae and laesio intestini). We separate the early intraoperations in the women with the second and third S.C., and early intraoperation complications in the women with the fourth and fifth S.C. Results of the study showes that there were no statistical important differences. 

A chronic hyperglicemia with diabetes leads to damage, disfunction and physiology disorders in various organs and tissues so the skin changes are occuring frequently. They are serious and are early discovered. The importance of knowing the bacterial skin infection with diabetes patient is in the fact that sometimes they can be markers and be preceded of the manifestation of the diabetes during the years i.e. in the prevention of the complications even though the glucose tolerance is limited. Then, any increase of the glucose level should be considered patological. Acute and chronic bacterial skin infections can change the regulation of diabetes which may lead to worse metabolic regulation with diabetes patients. The bacterial skin infections belong to the infection group that according to the clinical experience more frequently appear
in diabetes. But a close connection with diabetes is not proved. This study aims to point out the bacterial skin infections with diabetes patients. The results of our study indicates that bacterial skin infections are more frequently represented with diabetes patients (11.0%) than with the persons without Diabetes mellitus (4.8%).

Falsely negative hysterosalpingographical (HSG) finding presents regular HSG finding, but the laparoscopical is pathological alterations. Falsely positive HSG findings presents pathological HSG finding, but the laparoscopical is regular finding. A high frequency of falsely negative results can be explained first of all by the presence of growths of tissue. It is known that by HSG peritubar adhesions can be suspected, but they can be diagnosed with absolute certainty only laparotomically and laparoscopically. In the period from 01.01. untill 31.12.1998. the falsely negative and falsely positive HSG findings were identified on 60 patients, which were tested by HSG method and laparoscopy. Obtained results are showed ta2 bular and graphically. Statistical data processing is carried out by Mc Nemar test (c MCN test). In the case of the HSG pathological finding, the same pathological finding has been proved in 28 (63,6%) persons, a different pathological finding in 9 (20,5%) and regular finding in 7 (15,9%). The frequency of falsely negative HSG findins is 25,0% and falsely positive HSG findings 15,9%. The frequency of falsely positive findings extends from 14,6%, 17%, 20% to 29,6%. The majority of authors state that the incidence of falsely negative findings ranges from 15,5%, 15,9%, 18%, 20,7%, 22% to 24,0%. The pathological HSG points out to the necessity of laparoscopy, while the regular HSG is not sufficient proof of normal oviducts and the peritoneal factor