Although there is generally world trend in decreasing of number of smokers, expecially in developed part of world, smoking cigarettes still have large importance in morbidity and mortality of modern human population. Taking anamnestics data about smoking habit instruct anaesthesiologist to apply special strategy in general anaesthesia for a reason of possible complications provoked bby a chronic influence of nicotin and other tobbaco ingredients on different organs. In this article we wanted to examine influence of chronic tobbaco smoke exposing on arterial oxygen saturation SaO2 during and short period after general anaesthesia. Research was evaluated on patients in Emergency Center of Clinical Center of Serbia. Patients were divided in two groups (ASAI and II): group I smokers (n=40) and group II nosmokers (n=40). Our investigation has shown no statistical significant difference on SaO2 during general anaesthesia between two experimental groups. Immediately after general anaesthesia and extubation in postoperative period SaO2 dicreases (p<0.001) during transport from operating room to recovery room in both groups of patients,but the level of hypoxemia was significantly higher in smokers group. In this study we demonstrated that tobbaco smoking corellate with postoperative decrease of SaO2 after general anaesthesia, proposing an additional oxygen therapy in early postoperative period.

Chronic vein insufficiency (CVI) is abnormal functioning of a system of veins resulted from incompetence of vein valves, with or without vein obstruction covering both surface and deep veins. Nowadays there are various standars in the diagnosis of CVI and variations of treatment modalities, which increases the importance of occuracy and foundations of the diagnosis. In the consideration of diagnostic needs of patients with CVI, CEAP classification is suggested. This classification defines clinic categories, etiology of problem, covered anatomical segments and pathological mechanisms of CVI.

+Gz acceleration is unique dynamic stress to organism. Development of this occurrence depends not only to magnitude of acceleration but to onset rate and duration too. The most of former researches pointed to +Gz stress as significant stress to basic physiological mechanisms like cardiovascular and respiratory system. The new study was to examine responses of neuroendocrine and immune system to +Gz stress.

Strenuous exercises greatly increase oxygen consumption in the whole body, especially in skeletal muscles. Large part of oxygen consumption by the body is reduced to H O and ATP, but smaller part (2-5%) of these tremendious increase 2 oxygen consumption results in an increased leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial respiratory chain, forming various reactive oxygen species-ROS (O ˙ˉ, H O i OH˙). TheseROS are capable of triggering a chain of damaging biochemical and 2 2 2 physiological reactions such as oxidative stress and lipid peroxidatio. There is a groving number of informaztions pointing on important role of free radicals as mediators in inflamation and damage of skeletal muscles after strenuous exercise. The mechanism of exercise induced oxidative stress are not well understood. The mitochondrial electron transport chain, polymorphneutrophil and xanthine oxidase have been identified as major source of intracellular free radical generation during and after exercise. Also the interaction of metmyoglobin and methaemoglobin with peroxides may be also an importante source of oxidative stress during exercise.

Exudative age-related macular degeneration is leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. Subfoveal localisation of choroidal neovascular membrane is the most difficult form for treatment. At the last three years, the new group of agens well-known as anti-VEGF agens was approved for treatment of exudative AMD. In that purpose, intravitreally administrated agens is recommended. Efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF agens were proved in short-time follow up period.

In the most prosperous countries, cerebrovascular diseases takes the high third leading position in mortality rate of the population, therefore justifying the name of a ,,mass killer,, speaking of which, its incidence represents un important not only medical but and socially economic problem (only 2-20% sick ones are able to continue with its previous work) Cerebral stroke incidence is 150-200 cases on 100000 persons per year (1). Taking in consideration all the mentioned, we took as the goal of the study, to investigate the impact of the factors at risk, in ethiopatogenesis of the cerebral stroke. Our study was carried out on 40 patients with acute cerebral stroke hospitalized on the Neurology Clinic, KBC Prishtina. Follow up of the factors at risk in atherosclerosis development included: cholesterol, HDLi LDLtriglycerides level in sera, blood and liquor glucoses, glucoses consuming index-IIGM. Descriptive values of the atherosclerosis index also, and the rate of the premorbid illness as the very important factors in development of the cerebral infarct.

The psychotropic drug addiction is steadily increasing in the subpopulation of the young generation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the degree of psychoticism as a disintegrating personality phenomenon. Psychoticism comprises elements of autism, insensitiveness, aggression, asocialisation. This irregularity in cognitive processes was tested on three groups of people: politoxicomaniacs, psychotic patients and a control group. The DELTA test reported convincingly raised dimensions on the scale of psychoticism: general executive functions (GEI), schyzotypical behaviour (SHD) , paranoia (P), and depression (D), as crucial factors not only for developing addiction but also for achieving long - term and stable abstinence. Apilot study retesting of abstinent persons, has confirmed, after a year's treatment, the change in their behaviour ( by improving all the results on DELTAscale of psychoticism).

Artrial hypertension is a very serious social-medical probleme as such has an epidemic characteristics according to high prevalence at incidence frequency disease of young, a high death rate, there is also a somewhat difficult erly diagnosis at the early stages of illnes due to unspecified clinical examination in majority of diseased. On the basis of etiology, arterial hypertension is divived into: primary (essential) and secondary (symptomatologic). According to the current criteria, primary arterial hypertension is considered to be all the cases where etiology cannot identify only the cause or a specific structural change in a organ. It instead causes a larger number of etiological factors by their group actions which are called risk factors.Including the secondary hypertension all cases at arterial hypertension are classified und there can be seen a specific structural change in an organ and disorder of it's function. The aim of our work was to determinate which were the familiar risk factors in development of arterial hypertension and it's domination to inhabitants of Zubin Potok considering high prevalence of arterial hypertension out of 6500 inhabitants in the infirmary of Zubin Potok, 2450 patients are registrated with arterial hypertension. Examination is performed to 100 patients with primary arterial hypertension by prospectus analysis which are registrated consecutively in the interval of two months by biochemicals parametars, a height of systolic and dyastolic arterial pressure and BMI. By means of questionnaire the rest of risk factors are gathered with a piece of data smoking, alchoholism and stress. During the examination we determined that the most typics risk factor is disorder of metabolism of lypoproteins, and important pathothysiological mechanism in development of arterial hypertension is reduction of HDLcholesterol, which can be one of indirect indentifier of oxidative stress.

Nowdays, reaction time is most often used in data processing as a quantitative method and technique for information step and speed processing. The aim of this investigation was to examine everyday work pressure on reaction time nd among students. An examination included 30 students of 2 year of Medicine Faculty 15 males and 15 females. Audible and visual simple reaction time as well as choice reaction time for 2, 4 and 6 stimuli was used for reaction time measurement. Measurements were done three times a day. Achieved results acknowledge statistically significant improvement of reaction time at noon compared to reaction time in the morning in all samples except for visual simple reaction time for male students. For all kinds of stimuli, reaction time were significantly prolonged in the evening in both groups. Therefore, we have concluded that morning activities had positive impact on students functional condition but afternoon activities acted like an additional stress that altered students latent fatigue to clearly observable acute fatigue.

Obstructive jaundice presents partial or complete blockade in the gall way towards intestinal tract. This blockade is caused by mechanical obstruction in the extrahepatitic bilioductule system. Etiologic factors which cause obstruction of the extrahepatitic gall ways are numerous. One of the reasons of appearing obstructive jaundice is penetration of the cyst parts or cyst sprout into the gall ways. Echinococcus is zoonosis, parasitic disease, caused by echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocolaris, E. vogeli i E. oligarthus. At humans, cystic form of disease caused by E. granulosus appears most frequently, while the alveolar one caused by E. multilocolaris seu alveolaris appears rarely. Aim of the work is to show the importance of the echinococcus cyst of the liver at the appearing of the obstructive jaundice , penetrating the cyst parts or cyst sprout in the gall ways. The patient presented in the work is E.C., male, register number of the disease history 404/05.06.2007, 20 years old, hospitalized at Surgical Clinic because of the surgery of echinococcus cyst on the left liver lobe. Diagnosis was set by abdomen USG, CT of the abdomen, and laboratory analyses. Echinococcus cyst got complicated by its penetration into the gall ways, and manifested by jaundice, the signs of purulent cholangiitis, and bad general state of the patient, so the surgical treatment is absolutely indicated. During the surgery, after the done pericystectomia, cholendochotomia is done because of the enlarged cholangiitis, where the signs of purulent cholangiitis and 5 cyst sprouts are found and removed. Postoperative flow passed normally. Findings of done secondary cholangiography showed normal structure and transience of gall ways, so the T-drain was removed and the patient sent to further home care in a generally and locally good state.