The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and the causal relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer is an epochal event in recent times. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of Hp infection and prove the connection between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric and duodenal diseases in different age and gender categories. Study included 250 subjects of both sexes, different age groups selected random sample. All respondents were subjected to Hp urease test from biopsy specimens of the antrum and corpus of the stomach obtained by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with standard forceps. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (CF, SD, Min, Max) and analytical statistical methods. (t test, Chi square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, MannWhitney U test, Wilcoxon test, analysis of variance, ANOVA, Spearman correlation and Persona). Non ulcer gastropathy was the dominant finding that the Hp urease negative (92.2%) and the Hp urease positive (77%)respondents .Duodenalni ulcer was common in the male sex (24.6%) and gastric cancer (2.9%), and stomach ulcer was common in women (4.5%). The most common representation non ulcer gastropathy in the fifth and sixth decades of life while duodenal ulcer was most common in the fifth decade (37.5%). Gastric ulcer was noted in the second, third and fourth decade of life. Gastric cancer is 100% of cases was recorded in the sixth decade of life. Hp Urease test that requires upper digestive endoscopy and biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa is the minimum invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and HP verification changes the standard in the diagnosis of associated diseases of the stomach and duodenum. (non ulcer gastropathy, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer).

Tumor budding refers to an isolated cell or a cluster of up to five undifferentiated tumor cells, located in the stroma close to the invasion frontline of a carcinoma. It has been observed that tumor budding invariably precedes both an invasion into the lymphatic vessels surrounding a tumor and the development of metastases in lymphatic nodes. The aim of this paper is to determine the link between tumour budding, lymphatic vessel invasion and presence o lymph node metastasis in colorectal carcinomas. The study involved 92 cases of colon and upper rectum cancers removed at the Trebinje General Hospital and the Medical Centre in Kosovska Mitrovica. High-grade tumour budding was diagnosed in 66 (71.7%) cases, and lowgrade tumour budding in 26 (20.3%) cases. Lymphatic invasion was detected in 63 (68.5%) cases (55 (87.3%) of these cancers showed high-grade tumour budding, while on the other hand 8 (12.7%) had low-grade tumour budding). Lymphonodal metastases were found in 45 (48.9%) cases (of which 36 (80.0%) were high-grade and 9 (20.0%) low-grade incidents). Based on the ÷2-test, it may be concluded that the distribution of tumour budding in relation to lymphatic invasion (p<0.001) is statistically very significant, which was not confirmed in the case of metastases developing in lymphatic nodes (p>0.05). In conclusion, tumour budding is highly linked to lymphatic invasion, which it most probably precedes. 

The objective of this study that included 34 patients with psoriasis was to assess the reliability of the disease severity measures (i.e. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index - PASI) and the reliability of the health related quality of life measures (i.e. EuroQol EQ-5D Quality of Life Scale - EQ-5D, Dermatology Life Quality Index - DLQI and Psoriasis Disability Index -PDI). High interobserver correlation reliability and good test-retest reliability of PASI scores, as well as good test-retest reliability of EQ-5D, DLQI and PDI scores were achieved. Correlation coefficients between the test and retest scores on DLQI and PDI were higher than those on the dimensions and on EQ-VAS in EQ-5D. Disease severity scores given by PASI and the quality of lify scores given by EQ-5D, DLQI and PDI offered the reliable assessment of both the psoriasis severity and the quality of life of the people with psoriasis.

The authors analysed the importance and results of tympanometric examination by children in preschool institutions of Kosovska Mitrovica, Zvecan, Zerovnica, Socanica, Leposavic, Lesak and Zubin Potok. Children underwent ENT examination, which included clinical ENT examination and accessory diagnostics methods: tympanometric exami-nation and bacteriological analyses of the nose and throat secret. Totally, it have examined 870 children. The most frequent cause of the middle ear impairment was Eustachian tube dysfunction or "willingness of the middle ear for disease" (50,5% cases). Rarely, it was transient effusion in the middle ear and serous otitis media (19,02%). The authors underline a great importance of tympanometric examination by preschool children in detection of middle ear diseases. 

Formation of vascular access in elderly and diabetic patients is burdened with many difficulties. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that older people and patients with diabetes mellitus defined as the population risk for the formation of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. The study was organized as a retrospective study, a subject of interest in people older than 65 years of age and diabetes, which in four years because of the need for further treatment performed arteriovenous fistula. Analyzed the demographic structure of the patient, type of anastomosis, the use of central-venous catheters for hemodialysis, arterial blood pressure and size of the lumen of blood vessels used for anastomosis, intraoperative measured. From the laboratory analysis determined the routine hematological and biochemical parameters. In relation to the positioning of arteriovenous fistula (p=0.033), the placement of catheters for hemodialysis (p=0.0009), preventive form of vascular access (p=0.04) and values of systolic (p=0.0001) and diastolic (p=0.0001) arterial blood pressure, achieved a statistically significant difference. Patients with diabetic nephropathy, compared to the population of elderly, have a significantly higher number of leukocytes (7.5±2.61 vs. 8.5±3.24, p=0.03), fibrinogen level (5.57±2.39 vs. 6.8±1.71, p=0.036), glycemia (5.35±1.24 vs. 7.1±2.28, p<0.0001), cholesterol (3.77±1 , 03 vs. 4.5±1.71, p=0.001), triglycerides (1.59 ±0.62 vs. 1.86±0.76, p=0.009) and LDL-cholesterol (2.13±0.76 vs. 2.42±2.04, p=0.02). Total proteins (64±9.98 vs. 62 ±7.4, p=0.027) and albumin (36±34 vs. 9.55±5.49, p=0.037) were significantly lower values in diabetics. Characteristics of older diabetics and is characterized as a risk population of patients for the creation of arterio-fistula were timely creation and position of arterio fistula, the need for placement of central-venous catheters for hemodialysis and arterial blood pressure.

Topiramate is the new antiepileptic drug, which is related with high efficiency in the reduction seazures, and also whit high prevalention of cognitive adverse events. Purpose of study is to define the relationship between efficiency topiramate in control of epileptic seizure and the apperance of cognitive adverse events. In the prospective stady we followed 40 adult patients with refractory epilepsy, which treatment took place on the Institute of neurology Clinical center of Serbia. The efficacy of treatment was estimated as the ratio of the total number of seizures during the last two months before the introduction of topiramate (on basic antiepileptic therapy) and during the last two months on stable (200mg/day) dose of topiramate.All patients are neuropsychological tested twice. First time before the start of therapy with topiramate, and next time two months after the achieving of stable dose. We used neuropsychological tests for evaluation attention, concentration, visual and verbal memory, speech, executive functions, divergent opinion and visual construction abilities. Patients with good success of topiramate in control of the seizures had worse scores on cognitive measurements than patients in whom topiramate was not demonstrated efficacy in treating epileptic seizures. Our findings indicate that the appearance of cognitive adverse events of topiramate possible in patients with reduction of seizure after the introduction of drug. This suggests that the same mechanism topiramat achieve a positive therapeutic effect and adverse effect on cognition in people with epilepsy.

Any kind of ocular lens opacification is well known as cataract. Most cataracts are age-related, so called senile cataract. Cataractogenesis as process involves either pathological and natural aging processes. Chronical oxidative stress is considered as primary factor in age-related cataractogenesis. In this study we measured concentration of lipid hydroperoxides, sulfhydril groups (SH) and entire antioxidative capacity,as well as ocular superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in 11 subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and cataract and in 39 nondiabetic subjects with senile cataract. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination before they were surgically treated by phacoemulsifications. 0 During the intervention, aqueous sample in volume 0,2 was aspirated and refrigerated in -20 C and preparated for further biochemical analysis. Parameters of antioxidative power in diabetic subjects with cataract have decreased values (sulfhydril groups and antioxidative potential - FRAP test) in aqueous while one of lipid peroxidation product has increased value (lipid hyperoxide). Aqueous catalase activity in subjects with diabetes and senile cataract is remarkably higher compared with nondiabetic subjects (p<0.0.5). Oxydative stress and antioxidative capacity are well known risk factor in cataractogenesis but in DM 2 patients, oxydative stress is more intensive than in control group.

In the region of the thorax there are ten till twelve ganglia (ganglia thoracica); wich are white; triangle and irregular shape; rarely fusiform (spindle-shaped) or round. In the upper part of the thorax; ganglia are located in front of of the neck of ribs (collum costae); and in the middle part they are in front of head of ribs (caput costae). In the lower parts; they are near the vertebral bodies; therefore both of the trunks are slightly convergent. In this part; there are no branches which connected both sides of the sympathetic trunk. Lipofucin is yellow-brown; autofluorescent pigment; accumulated during aging in the lysosome of postmitotic cells; such as neurons.

Asthma is one of the oldest diseases although it's etiopathogenesis has been explained in more details recently. It is very commin in the general population, and especially in children's population. Lately, the rising trend of asthma is the result of the increased exposure of children to unfavourable environmental factors such as air pollutants and "new" allergens in the course of 20 to 30 years. Asthma is multifactorial disease, the interaction of many factors is responsible for its inception and deterioration. Our research included 95 children having allergic asthma and 40 children having nonallergic asthma. All examinees were interviewed by means of epidemiological questionnaire on risk factors. In that way, basic demographic data, data concerning predisposing, causal and contributing risk factors for asthma inception were gathered. The average age of children having allergic asthma was 11.18 years, and the ones having nonallergic asthma were 14.25 years. In regard to gender structure of those having asthma, asthma is more common in the case of male population (65%). The risk for allergic asthma inception is increased by air pollutants, respiratory infections, and increased level of serum IgE. The biggest relative risk is found for the increased levels of serum IgE (OP=5.839), allergy to medicines. Those are variables which increase the risk for allergic asthma inception. The above mentioned variables are predicative factors for atopy inception.

One of leading causes of death in the world is stroke, more often it strikes population under the age of 65, and those who survive it are left with a maximum degree of invalidity. Supratentorial infarcts are the most common form of ACM, occuring as a consequence of blood vessel occlusion, which irrigation zone is above tentorium, and it appears in 80% of infarcts. Diagnosing of such infarcts is based on clinical and neuroradiological parameters, and computed tomografy is called "gold standard". Therefor, our goal was to introduce a CT parameters, which follow complications of supratentorial infarcts and have predictional character. A prospective study followed the state of 60 patients with supratentorial infarcts of brain, performed CT diagnostics, established infarct complication parameters and their effects on clinical state and diseases outcome. Large tentorial infarcts in ACM vascularisation zone, mass-effects and mediosagital structure motions are significant predictors of infarct ill outcome when it comes to surviving and functional recovery.