In clinical hyperkalemia, correlation between plasma K and the ECG is less reliable. A tall, peaked, symmetrical T wave with a narrow base, the so-called "tented" T wave is the earlinest ECG abnormality, usually best seen in leads II, III, V2, V3, and V4. The tented appearance and the narrow base are probably more characteristic of hyperkalemia than is the amplitude of the T wave. A decrease in amplitude of the R wave, appearance of a prominent S wave, widening of the QRS complex, depression of the ST segment evolve as plasma K approaches 8-9m Eq/liter. With hyperkaliemia, depression of intraventricular conduction is characteristically diffuse and results in prolongation of both the initial and terminal parts of the QRS complex. The resulting pattern may resemble RBBB, LBBB, left anterior or posterior divisional block, or a combination of the four.

In this review paper, metabolism of halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons (chloroform, polychlorinated biphenyls, freons) is shown. They are metabolized similar by mixed function oxidases (reductive or oxidative pathways). Their metabolites are toxic.

Allergic disease are actual pathologic condition in medicine. From this diseases can get ill people of any age, both sex, and the number of patients with allergic diseases rapidly increase in countries of progressive world. This disease are wide - spread, with tendency of increase, and they can have fatal result in extreme cases. Because of high prevalence of morbidity and complications they have, allergic diseases are health problem. According to World allergic organization, more than 40 % of population in world will be atopic. In our environment this diseases are increasing, because of bad ecological condition from one side, and from the other side of genetic influence, and on the top of ladder are allergic diseases of respiratory system. The mayor key process in atopia is continuous and plentiful production of IgE antibody. 

Hyperplasia in goiter may be associated with altered apoptosis thyrocytes. There are numerous techniques for the detection and quantification of apoptosis. Some of them were light microscopy, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, studying the activities of caspase, DNA fragmentation and so on. In patients with multinodular endemic goiter after six months of iodine load, number of apoptotic thyrocytes increased by ten times, Bcl-2 is missing and Bax appeared in thyrocytes. Excess iodine in molecular form causes apoptosis in thyrocytes creating free radicals, mitochondrial damage and release of cytochrome c. Research shows that the level of sFas in the serum of patients with multinodular goiter increased compared to normal controls, it can still point to the reduced expression of Fas protein on the surface of cells that then leads to increased thyroid cell proliferation. Further study of apoptosis in goiter combined morphological and biochemical methods are important for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

There are different stick types and shapes, different root canal preparation techniques, as well as different materials for stick cementing and making annexes around posts. The use of fiber-reinforced resin posts to restore endodontically treated teeth has gained popularity due to its mechanical and esthetic characteristics as well as properties of modern adhesive systems. The aim of this article was to show a clinical technique to reconstruct endodontically treated teeth with great loss of tooth structure using direct fiber-reinforced post systems and direct composite restorations. After the preparation of the root canal and cementation of a FRR post, particular attention was paid to the incremental and curing techniques adopted to reconstruct coronal part of the tooth. It is possible to place of fiber-reinforced resin posts. 

It is well known that intensive physical activity increase the production of reactive species of O and N (RONS), but 2 it is also known that moderate and regular physical activity has influence on antioxidative system adaptation and help in repairing process of oxidative damage. In this paper we estimated markers of lipid peroxidation (MDA, % ind MDA), and antioxidant status (Asc, DHA/A, GSH, CAT, Pex) for 30 students (control group), and 30 professional football players (regular intensive physical activity). In the group of professional sportsman there were significant increase of lipid peroxidation markers (MDA ↑, % ind MDA ↑), which was also followed by an increased antioxidant activity (Asc ↑, DHA/A ↑, GSH ↑, Pex ↑, CAT ≈). We can conclude that chronic physical activity significantly improves antioxidant status using the adaptation process.

Oxidative stress and associated oxidative damage are mediators of vascular injury and inflammation in many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, diabetes. Xanthine oxidoreductase is one of the enzymes producing free radicals in the cardiovascular system, and it can contribute to the increment of the oxidative stress and, consequently, blood pressure. The xanthine oxidase is a molybdoenzyme capable of catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine and xanthine in the process of purine metabolism. Xanthine oxidase can exist in two interconvertible forms, either as xanthine dehydrogenase or xanthine oxidase. The aim of the paper was investigate the activity xanthine oxidoreductase in the plasma patients with age related cataract, with hypertensive, and with heart failure. Clinical and biochemical researches were carried out in 73 patients with age related cataract, mean age 72±7 years, divided into group with hypertensive (N=35), with heart failure (N=22) and group normotensive and without heart failure (N=16). Plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the formation of uric acid from hypoxanthine at 293 nm. The concentration of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C in plasma were determined. Our findings show a significantly increased activity xanthine oxidoreductase in plasma hypertensive patients (XO 9.18±1.5 U/L) (p< 0.001) and patients with heart failure (XO 10.44±1.53U/L) (p< 0.001), compared with values plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity in normotensive and patients without heart failure (XOD 6.02±1.4 U/L). Concentrations of plasma TG, TC and LDL-C were elevated in groups with hypertensive and with heart failure, and we to find significant differences with group normotensive and without heart failure values. Elevated activity of plasma xanthine oxidoreductase contribute to the increasåd oxidative stress and may play a role in accelerated atherosclerosis. 

Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biguanides lower blood glucose levels primarily by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. Metformin also helps to lower blood glucose levels by making muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbe. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of metformin on insulin secretion in obese patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2. We included 40 patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, who were treated on Department for Internal Disease in Hospital King Milutin Laplje Selo. Patients included in the study were newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2, glycemia < 12 mmol/L, and hed the Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2. They were treated with metformin, 1000 mg/day. Insulin sensitivity was determined by HOMA IR, insulin secretion by HOMA, lipid status by spectrophotometry. After six months of treatment blood biochemistry tested again. BMI was also established. Metformin significantly lowered BMI (BMI before therapy 31.02 kg/m2, after treatment 28.7 kg/m2) (both p<0,001 vs baseline) waist circumference mean value 98±0.55 cm-93,12 cm. (p<0,001) During the therapy the glycaemia decreased from 11.7 mmol - 6,78 mmol/l, insulinemia mean value 20.141 mlU/l -13.691, HOMA IR elevated in all patients. Among the cholesterol fractions, most significant results were obtained in LDL cholesterol. Mean LDL cholesterol levels 4.51± 2.02 mmol/L. Mean cholesterol level 6.98±2.31 mmol/L. HDL levels -1.32 mmol/L. Serum triglycerides was (mean) 2.63±1.32mmol/L. After six months therapy Metformin produces beneficial changes in lipid states. Metformin may be the first therapeutic option in the diabetes mellitus type 2 with overweight or obesity. Metformin produces beneficial changes in glycemia control, and moderated in weight, lipids and insulinemia. 

Evaluation of population health condition is a basic mode of collecting health condition and health needs data of a population. Evaluation of population health condition is a base of contemporary health care and health service as well as health improvement and further health system development. In order to gain information on all (physical, psychological and social) health aspects, one has to go beyond health care system and consider objective health condition indicators gained by routine health statistics along with subjective information for creation an image of health condition, that is to say data collected from citizens themselves. This is significantly important when health condition data are sparse, as this is the case with health marginalized groups such as refugees and displaced persons. Value of data collected in this way is in the fact that they refer to determinants defining health, such as social-economical status, life style, education, employment, quality and availability of health care. The aims of this research is to establish how refugees, housed in refuge camps in the North Kosovo and Metohija, evaluate their health and what are the most common health problems of this population. The research was undertaken as a study of a standard representative sample of the adult refugees housed in the refuge camps in the North Kosovo and Metohija. It involved 109 surveyed people. The questionnaire, used for Health Examination in the Republic of Serbia adapted to local conditions, was utilized as a research instrument. The data were processed by descriptive statistics methods 2 and ÷ test was used in the means of data analyzing. More than a half of the surveyed (55.1%) answered that their health condition was good and very good. There is a great difference in health self-evaluating regarding age, marital status, education, the year when they arrived to current domicile. Less than two thirds (65.2%) of the surveyed in the refuge camps in North Kosovo and Metohija claimed that they suffer from some mentioned chronic illnesses. 

Chemical injuries of the eye i.e. causoma means 4% up to 10% of all ocular trauma cases. Purpose: to determinate basic socio-epidemiologic characteristics of patients who has been hospitalized due to causoma. Method: prospective case control study carried on 54 patients who havå been treated at Department of Ophthalmology Health Center K.Mitrovica and Clinic of Eye Disease in Nis. Results: in total, 40 male and 14 women were injured (mean age 41.8 years). The bricklayers, painters and construction-workers are the most frequent injured. Injuries caused by alkalis were significant prevailing in relation to those caused by acids (64.8% vs. 35.2). Monocular causoma were almost twice more frequent. Accident as a manner of injury was in 96.3% of all cases. Men were injured by caustic lime and sulphuric acid while women were injured by sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and acetate acid. More serious clinical appearance had a patients with injuries caused by explosion of accumulator because of associated mechanical injuries of the eye.