Oral health is an integral part of the general health of humans and significantly affect the quality of life. Dental caries is today the most widespread disease of our civilization, which if untreated leads to tooth loss. It is significant to note that studies show the possibility of successful prevention of diseases of the oral cavity. Traditionally, there has always been lower economic and educational level of the population in rural areas, and also a lower availability of dental services. Possible reasons for this include the lack of pediatric dental offices in schools in rural areas, the greater the distance of the dentist, the lack of properly organized school dental care, lack of knowledge about the importance of oral health by their parents as role models and unfavorable socio-economic status. The aim of this study was to examine the level of awareness and habits of children and parents toward oral hygiene and bad habits in the Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohija and to compare them with children who live in urban areas in Kosovska Mitrovica. The study included 160 elementary school students in the area of Kosovska Mitrovica (urban area) and the Serbian enclaves on Kosovo and Metohia (rural area) which included elementary school students from Sirinić District, the Kosovo Morava, the central Kosovo, villages of Suvo Grlo and Banja in municipality Istok. By examining the frequency of tooth brushing we found that 32 (40%) of children in enclaves brush their teeth once a day, 40 (50%) two times a day, and only 8 (5%) of them maintain hygiene teeth 3 times a day. Boys who wash their teeth three times a day were 12.5% and 37.5% of girls. The children from the enclave more often come to the dentist when they have an appointment (33:8), while children from Kosovska Mitrovica more often come to the quarterly control (21:4). An interesting fact is that 15.33% of children from urban areas cited as a source of oral health information from the Internet and Android application for mobile phone or tablet. The difficult security situation, limited freedom of movement, the poorly developed dental services, poor health education and promotion of oral health of the population of Serbian enclaves, the reason for the weaker informing children and parents about preventive dental measures. It is necessary to mobilize all sectors of society on joint actions aimed at the promotion of oral health.

The belief in the inability of neurogenesis, that is the inability to create new neurons after embryonic and early postnatal development of the central nervous system, was rejected in the mid-nineties, when the existence of neurogenesis in restricted areas of CNS adult mammals, including humans, was discovered.Transplantation of stem cells or their derivatives into respective tissues or organs is considered as one of the most promising remedies for many incurable diseases.In this review, we summarized current knowledge and present and future perspectives andchallenges regarding stem cells treatment for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Stopa incidence cervikalnog karcinoma u Srbiji je među najvišima u Evropi i iznosi 23,8 na 100000. Papanicolau test, dopunjen kolposkopijom i histologijom, osnovna je metoda sekundarne prevencije cervikalnog karcinoma. Cilj rada je bio ispitati histološko-citološku korelaciju i pouzdanost Papanicolau testa u detekciji cervikalnih lezija. Analizirani su cervikalni razmazi (Papanicolau test) kod 3868 žena. Suspektne nalaze imalo je 190 žena i kod njih je urađena cervikalna biopsija. Kod 77 žena detektovane su premaligne ili maligne promene na cerviksu. LSIL (CIN1) je imalo 43(22,6%), HSIL(CIN2/3) 25(13,2%), a planocelularni karcinom 9 (4,7%) žena. Između histološkog i citološkog nalaza ispitanica postoji statistički značajna pozitivna povezanost (Spearman r=0,829, p<0,001). Najviše ocene dijagnostičkih performansi Papanicolau testa u diskriminaciji LSIL-a(CIN1), HSIL-a(CIN2/3) i planocelularnog karcinoma od cervicitisa su za citološki nalaz ASCH (PA IIIa) (Sp=90,6%, a Sn=100% za Ca planocellulare, Sn=96% za HSIL i Sn=86% za LSIL). U diskriminaciji HSIL-a od LSIL-a najbolja diskriminativnost postiže se za nalaz LSIL (PAIIIb) Papanicolau testa (Sn=72,0%, Sp=67,4%), a u diskriminaciji Ca planocellulare od LSIL najbolja diskriminativnost postiže se za nalaz HSIL (PA IIIb/IV) Papanicolau testa (Sn=77.8%, Sp=97.7%). Na osnovu naših rezultata možemo zaključiti da postoji pozitivna histološko-citološka korelacija nalaza i da je Papanicolau test pouzdaniji u detekciji težih premalignih promena. Citološke dijagnoze ASCH (PAIIIa) i LSIL (PAIIIb) mogu pouzdano ukazati na postojanje premalignih cervikalnih lezija kod žena, pa pacijentkinje sa tim nalazima treba češće kontrolisati i lečiti.

The neurons of the sympathetic trunk as well as the other nerve cells undergo of many changes during life. The most striking of these morphological changes, during normal aging, is the accumulation of lipofuscin-filled vacuoles or neuromelanin. Considering that the pigment is a non-biodegradable and can not be removed by exocytosis, the process of its accumulation in cells is unavoidable. The role of lipofuscin and its impact on cell function is not quite clear. Some authors consider that pigment does not damage the function of the cell, unless it contains lipofuscin in large quantities, and then it mechanically prevents its function so that could lead to cell death. Since we found a very little data in the literature about using morphometric methods in accumulation of pigment in ganglion cells or quantified observed changes, we set that the aim of this study is to confirm the presence of pigment in ganglionar cells of the symphatetic trunk, when it occurs in grater extent, as well as dinamics of its accumulation (quantification of ganglionar cells without pigment, those with partial presence of pigment, and those that were complitely filled with pigment) by using numerical density. For morphometric analysis we used test system M42. To determine the numerical density of ganglionar cells we used a method for thick cuts by Floderus. We found that interneuronal accumulation of lipofuscin is directly correlated with the aging process.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is highly prevalent in Asian countries, compared with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), which is reported predominant disease among Whites and that is the reason for paucity of reports about central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal curvature (CC) in eyes with PACG in Europe. To determine central corneal thickness, corneal curvature and refractive error in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 288 patients were enrolled into this study; 132 patients with PACG (mean age of 73 ± 7 years) compared with 156 patients with POAG (mean age of 70 ±7 years). The data was collected from all PACG patients who underwent Laser peripheral iridotomy at the Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade between January 2012 and October 2012 and controls with POAG examined in the same period. Data from the right eye was used for analysis. In PACG/POAG mean CCT was 549±38/547±35 µm (p=0.353) and mean radius of corneal curvature (Cr) was 7.92±0.22/7.75±0.29 mm (p=0.003). There was no statistically significant correlation between IOP and mean Cr in PACG (p=0.244 ) and POAG ( p=0.637) while it was in POAG group with refractive error (p=0.005) and CCT (p<0.001). We found that CCT in PACG and POAG group were in normal range and there was no diference between them. Our results showed that the eyes with PACG had the flatter corneas than eyes with POAG and were hyperopic.

Determination of direction of car impact on pedestrian is complex interdisciplinary biomechanical analysis, which sintetize the work of legal medicine and traffic engineering professions. Injury characteristics depends on constitution and position of pedestrian, and type of passenger car. There are different mechanisms of injury arising from sum of effect of complex mechanical forces, from motion and impact on human body. Results are showing that new generation car, with aerodinamic wedge front, favorize occurrence of hyperextensive injuries, while speed presents dominant factor of intensity of injuries. In modern traffic conditions, we found multiple reduction of number of deaths of pedestrians in road traffic accidents.

Introduction: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures represent a paroxysmal event followed by a sudden change of behavior, cognition or consciousness, mostly of short duration, which resemble or can be understood as epileptic seizures. They occur in persons without epilepsy and in patients with epilepsy. They are not associated with abnormal EEG discharges because their cause is a psychic disorder. Case report: A 20-year-old patient has been suffering of occasional “morning short-lasting jerking hand movements, staring and fainting” since the age of 14 years. Beside a symptomatic anamnesis for epilepsy and non-specifically changed standard EEG, antiepileptic therapy (valproate and lamotrigine) was introduced. Because of non-response to antiepileptic therapy, the patient was forwarded for further clinical examination involving video EEG telemetry, which indicated that this was a case of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. A successive withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs was initiated, and also, a psychologist and psychiatrist were included into treatment, which resulted in the reduction of seizures and improvement of the patient's general condition. Conclusion: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures represent a frequent diagnostic problem requiring team's work, while the video EEG telemetry is the method of choice for diagnosis.

The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage appeared in 1978, and since that time the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated. Many researchers focused on the damaging effects of oxidants in muscle (oxidative damage of proteins and lipids), but the examination of cell-signaling effects of free radicals on muscle activity became today's main issue. Free radicals can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes, contributing to the muscle adaptation on exercise and improving the muscle force production. Those effects are provided by changes in calcium handling by muscle cells or changing in the sensitivity of myofilaments to calcium. As a conclusion we can say that low and physiological levels of free radicals are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle and antioxidant adaptation, while high levels of free radicals promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue.

Febrile seizures are the most frequent neurological disorder in the childhood. According to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), they have been defined as seizures provoked by high temperature in children aged between 6 months and 5 years, without previous history of afebrile seizures, intracranial infections and other possible causes of seizures. Seizures can be typical and atypical, according to the characteristics. Pathogenesis of this disorder has not been clarified yet, and it is believed to be a combination of genetic factors, high body temperature and brain maturation. The risk factors for recurrence of febrile seizures are: age in which seizures appeared for the first time, epilepsy in the first degree relative, febrile seizures in the first degree relative, frequent diseases with fever and low body temperature on the beginning of seizures. The frequency of recurrent seizures The risk for occurrence of epilepsy in children with simple seizures is about 1-1.5%, which is slightly higher compared to general population, while it increases to 4-15% in patients with complex seizures. However, there is no evidence that therapy prevents occurrence of epilepsy. When the prevention of recurrent seizures is considered, it is necessary to separate simple from complex seizures. The aim of this paper was to analyze the most important risk factors for febrile seizures, and to evaluate their impact on occurrence of recurrent seizures. Our study included 125 children with febrile seizures, aged from 6 months to 5 years. The presence of febrile seizures and epilepsy in the first degree relative has been noted in 22% of children. Typical febrile seizures were observed in 76% of cases, and atypical in 24%. Most patients had only one seizure (73.6%). Children, who had seizure earlier in life, had more frequent recurrences. Both risk factors were present in 25% of patients, while 68% of patients had only one risk factor. For the children with febrile disease, primary risk factors were the level of body temperature and a family history of febrile seizures. The risk for febrile seizures in these children was 10,4%, which is more than a twice as high compared to general population, which is 4%. Is between 10% in children without risk factors and 50-100% in children with three or more risk factors.

U našoj kulturi, upotreba alkohola se uglavnom toleriše. Pri tom, alkohol je lako dostupan, pa čak i predstavlja jedan poseban model ponašanja. Mladi čine rizičnu populaciju za zloupotrebu alkohola pri čemu većina njih počinje da eksperimentiše sa alkoholom u ranoj adolescenciji i rano stvara naviku pijenja. Utvrditi učestalost korišćenja alkohola i stavove prema konzumiranju alkoholnih pića među studentima Medicinskog i Ekonomskog fakulteta u Kosovskoj Mitrovici i povezanost sa njihovim demografskim i socijalno-ekonomskim karakteristikama. Istraživanje je urađeno kao studija preseka na reprezentativnom uzorku studenata Medicinskog i Ekonomskog fakulteta u Kosovskoj Mitrovici, u periodu od 26. do 30. novembra 2013. godine. Kao instrument istraživanja poslužio je Upitnik o ponašanju i zdravlju. Od statističkih metoda korišćeni su hi-kvadrat i Mann- Whitney-ijev test, sa nivoom značajnosti od 0,05. U nedelji koja je prethodila istraživanju alkohol je probao značajno veći deo studenata Ekonomskog fakulteta (55,2%) u odnosu na studente Medicinskog fakulteta (29,9%). Češće su alkoholna pića pili muškarci, stariji studenti i studenti viših godina studija. Najveći deo studenata se izjasnio da je alkohol prvi put probalo u kući uz prisustvo roditelja (37,6%), da je korišćenje alkohola socijalno prihvatljivo u sredinama u kojoj žive (76,1%) i među kolegama (81,6%), i da im ne bi bilo neprijatno kada bi u društvu kolega naručili piće koje nije alkoholno (87%). Skoro svaki treći student medicine i svaki drugi student ekonomije u Kosovskoj Mitrovici je probao alkohol u prethodnoj nedelji, dok većina ocenjuje da je korišćenje alkohola socijalno prihvatljivo u sredinama u kojoj žive i studiraju.