Hypoglycemia is defined asplasma glucose level sufficiently low to result in neurological damage. In the new-born age, the incidence of hypoglycemia ranges from 0.4-11.4%. Etiologically, low levels of plasma glucose can result from the hormonal or metabolic disorders; high doses of insulin, drug poisoning, liver disease or systemic disorders. The most common cause of severe and permanent hypoglycemia in the neonatal age group is congenital hyperinsulinism - the result of pancreatic cells hyperplasia and/or adenoma. Between two and five years of age, the most common form of hypoglycemic state is ketotic hypoglycemia of childhood, caused by limited amount of substrate. Diagnostic criteria include biochemical confirmation of low of glucose and/or high insulin levels, blood hormone testing (epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon levels), as well as metabolic screeningfor gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis disorders and disarrangements of fatty acid oxidation. Therapy is directed towards the substrate supplementation and the application of medications and fuels aiming atrapid attainment of normoglycemia (fruit juices, parenterally applied glucose and dextrose, glucagone, corticosteroid therapy); diazoxide and somatostatin therapy is indicated for patients with hyperinsulinemia.

Correlation of fillings on the tooth and changes in the tissues having direct contact with the tooth aroused keen interest amongst many professionals. Irregularly shaped fillings can damage the periodontal tissues. The primary indicator of the validity of the dental work is its ability to ensure the preservation of normal physiological status of the tissue, primarily gingival, alveolus and periodontum. The main purpose of this paper is to make histological assessments of the tissue of the interdental region before and after correction of irregular filling in experimental animals. The research was conseived as a histiological study with experimental animals ( rabbits). The tested teeth were divided into two groups: a) the experimental group consisted of teeth with irregular fills, and b)the control group consisted of teeth with regular fillings and healthy teeth. The experiment carried out under general anesthesia. The experiment was being monitored over 12-month period. Having been expired the first part of the experiment , after 6-month period, in experimental animals, it was carried out the second part of the one consisting of the correction of irregular fillings. The second part of thhe experiment was closely monitored a month, three and six months after the correction of irregular filings. After sacrificing the animals, tissue was prepared for histological analysis. Histological analysis showed changes in the periodontal tissues prior to correction of irregular fillings and significant improvementof the tissue of the interdental region after correction of the same ones. The pathological changes occuring in the periodontal tissues are not irreversible since after correction of irregular filligs are being lost mainly.

When pulp tissue gets exposed, therapy procedures are supposed to promote healing and to ease forming of reparative dentin in order to preserve vitality and health of the pulp. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) procedure includes removal of the local irritants as well as application of protective materials directly or indirectly on tooth pulp. Vital pulp therapy may be used for the treatment of the reversible pulp diseases in order to promote root development and to form apical region which will ensure correct endodontic tooth treatment in later stages. There are numerous controversies concerning vital pulp therapy but mostly related to the choice of the materials, correct technique and evaluation of the final therapy results. The goal of the experimental research is to use scanning electron and polarized microscopy to analyze modifications on cellular and extracellular components of the tooth pulp after direct and indirect overlaying with materials on the calcium hydroxide basis (Calcimol VOCO USA). We will also determine the appearance of dental surface after direct and indirect overlaying and if Calcimol proves good and effective in dentinogenesis, we will propose it for clinical usage. Research has been conducted on experimental animals (pig). Materials used in this research were on calcium hydroxide - base, Calcimol. V class preparation has been applied on the teeth of the experimental group. Eleven teeth have been overlaids directly and the same number of teeth has been overlaid indirectly. After the preparation, materials based on calcium hydroxide have been applied and cavity has been closed with materials from the glass ionomer cement group (FUJI IX GC Japan). Teeth that were treated with pulp perforation had their chambers filled with materials on calcium hydroxide-base and their cavities were closed with glass ionomer cement (FUJI IX GC Japan). Correctly prepared teeth have been observed with SEM and polarization microscopes. Observing and analyzing of the results with polarization and scanning electron microscope in comparison with control group showed that gained results may have significant clinical implication in biological pulp treatment. Directly applied Calcimol observed through polarization microscope points to intensive changes in blood vessels and beginnings of erythrocyte disintegration, distinct extravasation, and appearance of the small necrotic spots. SEM analyzes shows contact of the amalgam-Calcimol without new amorphous dentinal structures. Indirectly applied Calcimol observed through polarization microscope points to newly formed dentinal structures, calcification cores surrounded by huge cells and blood vessels presence. SEM analyzes shows clear border between newly formed dentinal tubules and ordinary dentinal structure. Gained results suggest application of the Calcimol as a material for indirect pulp overlay while its application in indirect overlay isn’t indicated.

Existence of stress at workplace leads to the occurrence of occupational burnout among miners. OBJECTIVE is testing of influence of stress on occupational burnout among miners. METHODS The research was designed as a cross-sectional study and covered 345 subjects, which were classified into three groups: two investigated groups, consisting of Miners A (142), Miners B (147) and Control group (56) consisting of administrative workers. The research was conducted in the Health Center ZveĆan, in the Medical Laboratory Service in ZveĆan and at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Niš. The following questionnaires were used in the study: Questionnaire on basic sociodemographic indicators of respondents, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and Occupational stress assesment questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS The study of the presence of stressors in the workplace compared to the examined groups showed that a large number of stressors were evident, with the average value of all stressors at miners 2.60 ± 1.02, which is significantly above the average value of all stressors in the control group 1.85 ± 1.02. Above the total average of all stressors 2.60 ± 1.02, there is a large number of stressors. All stressors statistically significantly higher in miners compared to the control group (p <0.001) and the values of each individual stressor in the control group are below the average values of all stressors in miners (2.60 ± 1.02). High burnout level is present in 50.70% of Miners A, 46.90% of Miners B and 16.10% of Control group subjects. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference in the incidence of high burnout in relation to the investigated groups (p <0.001). DISCUSSION There is a large number of stressors among miners and their average value is significantly above the average value of all stressors in the control group. The stressors are both quantitatively and qualitatively different in relation to the control group. A large number of high-strength stressors significantly increases the probability of stress in both groups of miners and contributes to the occurrence of occupational burnout. There is a high exposure to stress among miners, and the impact of stress on occupational burnout has been proven in a large number of research in different professions. This was also confirmed in miners, among whom high exposure to stress led to high occupational burnout, which is statistically significant in relation to the control group. CONCLUSION The results of the study showed that there are a large number of stressors in the miner groups, that the average value of all stressors in miners is significantly above the average value of all stressors in the control group, that there are a large number of stressors that are in strength above the total average of all mining stressors and that all stressors are statistically significantly higher in miners than in the control group. The strongest stressors are most important for stress, and the presence of a large number of stressors above the total average of all stressors not only increases the probability of stress, but also proves a great deal of stress, but also contributes to the intense occurrence of occupational burnout. The results of the study have shown that high burnout is present in about 50% of miners in both mines and that there is a statistically significant difference in the incidence of high burnout in relation to the control group. Occupational stress affects occupational burnout among miners.

The presence of regional metastases of laryngeal cancer differs depending on the location of the tumor and has an influence on the overall survival. The aim of this work is to analyze the frequency and characteristics of regional metastases T1 and T2 of laryngeal carcinoma in relation to the primary tumor location, and their effect on the overall survival. A retrospective study, conducted in the period between 2002 and 2012, that analyzed 445 patients who were surgically treated for laryngeal cancer of T1 and T2 category. The first group consisted of 397 patients without regional metastases, while the second group consisted of 48 patients with regional metastases. A three-year survival is followed, as well as the testing of potential predictors of outcomes by methods of regression. Regional metastases were present in 3.1% of patients with glottic carcinoma of T1 and T2 category, while 43.5% of patients with T1 and T2 supraglottis carcinoma had regional metastases. In the group with regional metastases, there is no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of extracapsular extension in relation to the tumor location, p = 0.7027. The three-year survival rate of patients without regional metastasis is 93.95%, while the survival of patients with regional metastases is 68,75%, p = 0.000. The tumor location (95% CI -1.4716 to -0.0497, P = 0.0369), and the presence of regional metastases (95% CI -1.6300 to -0.0253, P = 0.0443), were identified as predictors of outcomes by multifactorial analysis. Regional metastases in T1 and T2 laryngeal cancer are more common in patients with supraglottic carcinoma. The presence of regional metastases significantly reduces the three-year overall survival.

This case report describes the application of adhesively cemented restorations made out of related, although not identical types of ceramic materials in the treatment of inborn hypodontia of the lateral incisors, as well as the aesthetic imperfections of certain teeth in the whole smile. Considering the minimally invasive approach, and the preservation of natural tooth fibers, the restorations have shown to be acceptable both aesthetically and functionally, and have proven themselves as a safe and comfortable solution for patients.

Introduction: Solar or artificial UVA radiation play a major role in photoaging of the skin. Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the presence of morphological changes in the dermis of mouse skin exposed to UVA radiation, with or without the usage of photoprotective cream. Methods: This experiment involved the exposure of female BALBc mice, to solarium UVA lamps. The animals were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Before the radiation exposure, the hair on the backs of the experimental animals and one kontrol group was removed by shaving 3 times a week, and a half an hour before the exposure a broad spectrum photoprotective cream (UVA filter and SPF 50) was applied on half of the experimental animals. The animals were exposed to radiation 5 times a week, 2 hours a day (the dosage of 156 J/ cm2), for 16 weeks, up to a total radiation of 12500 J/cm2. Results: The presence of impaired collagen fibril network was the most pronounced in the experimental group of animals exposed to radiation without the usage of photoprotective cream (p<0.001). The presence of normal collagen fibril network was observed in the both control groups (p<0.001). The presence of incipient solar elastosis was observed in the experimental group of animals exposed to radiation without the usage of photoprotective cream. Conclusions: The results showed that the usage of a photoprotective cream provided an efficient protection against the effects of UVA radiation and dermal photoaging.

It is well known that there is a relationship between the zinc and diabetes, and its antioxidant potential. Based on that, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of different doses of zinc (9,2 and 18,4 mg / day) in combination with metformin and glibenclamide, to the total antioxidant status (TAS) and the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in experimentally-induced diabetic rabbits. The study was conducted on 24 New Zealand rabbits of both sexes, body weight 2,5 to 3,2 kg. In rabbits, experimental diabetes was induced i.v. injection of alloxan (80 mg / kg body weight). Three weeks after causing diabetes, the animals were divided into two groups: first group was treated oral with metformin, an appropriate dose (120 mg / kg body weight), while the second group of rabbits was treated with a suitable dose of glibenclamide (0,6 mg / kg BW). After the washout period (10 t1/2), the rabbits were treated with metformin and a first dose of zinc (9,2 mg) combination, i.e. glibenclamide and zinc (9,2 mg). After another washout period (10 t1/2) the rabbits were treated with metformin and a second dose of zinc (18,4 mg) combination, i.e. of glibenclamide and zinc (18,4 mg). Blood samples were taken in a specified time interval. The TAS value was significantly increased after administration of metformin, single and in combination with zinc, in doses of 9,2 and 18,4 mg, with respect to the value recorded before their application (p <0.05). Also, it is noted a significantly increased SOD activity after administration of metformin (i.e., glibenclamide), and zinc in combination, in a dose of 18,4 mg (p <0.05). This indicates that zinc and metformin have a significant positive effects on the parameters of antioxidative status, but with glibenclamide this effect did not occur.

Youth is a critical age to begin experimenting with alcohol and tobacco, whereby social prestige, self-assertion, relaxation from difficulties, the way of showing rebellion against authority and valid social norms are cited as motives. Consumption of alcohol and tobacco during the period of personality formation leads to permanent behavioral disorders, while the biological characteristics of young people determine the faster development of addiction to these substances regarding to adults. In addition, the social position of young people and the position of their families are extremely jeopardized. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use among students of the University of Pristina with a temporary headquarters in Kosovska Mitrovica, i.e. to establish the connection between these habits and the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the students. The research was done as a cross sectional study on a representative sample of students of the University of Pristina with a temporary headquarters in Kosovska Mitrovica, in March and April 2011. The survey covered 567 subjects. The questionnaire served as a research instrument, the same that was used in researching the health behavior of students from other universities in the Republic of Serbia in 2000. The data were processed using descriptive statistics while the hi-square test was used to analyze the data. Out of the total number of surveyed students, a quarter (24.7%) answered that they were smoking cigarettes, while 91.4% of our respondents tasted alcohol. The highest proportion of respondents from the Faculty of Arts claims to consume cigarettes, students who get 4001-5000 dinars per week, as well as respondents who are "not particularly satisfied" with the their choice of faculty. The highest proportion of male students and students whose weekly pocket is from 2001 to 2000 dinars consume alcohol.