Aims: The objectives of this study were to find out whether and to what extent Actinomyces neuii is pathogenic to humans in terms of causing invasive infections and to ascertain the most appropriate and effective antibiotic therapy against this bacterium. Material and method: This study was designed as a systematic review article. MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SCIndex, Cochrane database of published clinical trials - Central and Clinicaltrials.gov databases were systematically searched for primary case reports or case series describing invasive infection with Actinomyces neuii. Results: A literature search identified 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria, describing cases of patients with an invasive infection caused by Actinomyces neuii. It was found that A. neuii could cause endocarditis, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, pleural empyema, soft tissue abscesses, neonatal sepsis, ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections and periprosthetic tissue infections. The most prescribed antibiotics for the treatment of Actinomyces neuii infections were amoxicillin and vancomycin (n = 10; 12.3%), followed by penicillin (n =9; 11.1%), gentamicin (n = 6; 7.4%), ampicillin (n = 5; 6.2%) and ceftazidime (n = 4; 4.9%). Antibiotic treatment of infections caused by A. neuii was followed by clinical improvement or complete cure of all patients, with no recorded deaths. Conclusion: A. neuii has a relevant pathogenic potential to cause invasive infections of various organs and tissues, especially in immunocompromised individuals of any age. For the treatment of mild infections caused by this bacterium, the antibiotics of choice are penicillin or amoxicillin, while vancomycin should be used to treat severe infections caused by Actinomyces neuii.

Ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare pathological finding bellow the diaphragm and extremely rare finding is ectopic thyroid tissue in the adrenal gland. Thyroid tissue can be located anywhere along the way of embryological migration pathway of thyroglossal duct. In most cases of ectopic thyroid tissue, it is located in the neck. Pathohistologically ectopic thyroid tissue in all cases was formed of follicular cells that expressed TTF-1, Thyroglobulin, PAX8, and cytokeratin 7, and there was lack expression of calretinin. In the literature we found 15 such cases. Women are much more affected than men (14:1), and it usually presents in the fifth decade (mean age 49). In all cases it was composed of normal follicular cells, and C cells were not found. Review of the literature reveals that adrenal ectopic thyroid tissue is almost always cystic, and has distinctive pathologic features. The most important thing is that ectopic thyroid tissue must be distinguished from metastatic deposits from thyroid gland carcinoma.

Introduction: Different types of tests present a great part of the academic life, and the tests themselves are extremely stressful situations for most students. The question of strategies used for coping with anxiety in testing situations is raised by the anxiety experienced by students and the levels of their self-esteem during tests. Aim of the paper: The aim of the paper is to take into consideration language anxiety, self-esteem and social and demographic variables as predictors of active use of strategies for coping with the testing situation. Material and methodology: This research included 338 students from five faculties/colleges, with an average age of 21.82±2.561, who were administered the following scales: Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, the Coping with the Testing Situation Scale and Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale. Results: The Subscale for Language Anxiety during Testing has the highest reversed predictive value (beta=-0.43, p<0.001) of coping strategies for the testing situation; older respondents have less expressed ability of coping with the testing (beta=-0.23, p<0.001), and the higher the level of fear from negative evaluation (beta=0.21, p<0.001), the more the respondents are coping with the testing situation. Conclusion: The higher the testing anxiety, the less will the students use coping strategies, and the older students cope less with stressful testing situations, but the greater the presence of a more expressed fear of inefficiency, the more will the respondents cope with the testing situation through various strategies.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are leading factor in global mortality and morbidity. It is the cause of 1/3 of total annual mortality, while coronary heart disease (CHD), as one of the CVD entities, is responsible for 85% of deaths worldwide. The aim of the study is to show the importance of the first phase of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients who are going on cardiac surgery, as well as the impact on respiratory function, the occurrence of pulmonary complications and the length of hospitalization. Methods: A sample of 18 patients was included in the randomized observer study. First phase of CR was carried out according to a predefined protocol. We used arterial blood gases (ABG) to evaluate the respiratory function, "two-minute walk test" (2MWT) to assess the functional capacity Data taken from medical documentation are the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), the length of stay in the ICU, occurrence of the postoperative pulmonary complications and duration of total hospitalization. Results: The test sample consisted of 12 men (60.58 ± 8.33) and 6 women (66.00 ± 6.51). The mean value of CR was 6.15 ± 3.98 days and MV 19,67±11,23 hours. There were no pulmonary complications in 61,11% patients. Using ABG, a statistically significant difference was found in PO2 after extubating and at the last day in ICU (p = 0.01). 2MWT preoperatively significantly correlated with the examined on the last day of hospitalization (r = 0.648 p-value <0.001) well as the length of postoperative hospitalization and duration of mechanical ventilation (r = 0.708 p-value <0.001). Conclusion: The study showed that first phase of cardiac rehabilitation may positively affect the improvement of functional capacity.

Introduction: Puberty is a juvenile developmental period accompanied by intensive growth and acquisition of reproductive ability. The onset of puberty is influenced by many factors: genetics, neuropeptides and glycoproteins, gonadotropins, sex hormones and the child's nutrition status. Premature puberty is defined as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in girls before the age of 8, and in boys before the age of 9. The aim of this paper is to analyze the published results on the importance and influence of factors such as birth weight, current weight and BMI on the development of premature puberty. Results: Eating disorders caused by eating high-calorie foods lead a child to obesity, which is accompanied by premature puberty. On the other hand, conditions characterized by reduced nutrition may be accompanied by delayed puberty. According to the results of this study, children with more pronounced manifestations of precocious puberty had a significantly lower birth weight Discussion: Birth weight of less than 2500g, as well as newborns' SGA (small for gestational age), are directly related to earlier pubertal maturation. Five decades ago, Frich et al. found that reaching a body weight of 48 kg in girls is a "critical mass" for development of menarche. Conclusion: The occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics is more frequent in children with increased body weight and correlates inversely with the child's birthweight.

Bruxism is a parafunctional activity of the masticatory system, which is characterized by clenching or scraping of teeth. This condition is often accompanied by a change in the shape and size of the teeth, as well as the function of the stomatognathic system. Bruxism can occur during sleep and in the waking state. The etiology is multifactorial and all causes can be divided into peripheral and central. The clinical signs and symptoms of bruxism are primarily characterized by temporomandibular disorders, the appearance of bruxofacets and changes in the hard dental tissues, supporting apparatus of the teeth and masticatory muscles, as well as headaches. The diagnosis of bruxism is made on the basis of anamnesis and clinical signs and symptoms, while electromyography and polysomnographic analysis are used in scientific researches. Therapy is aimed at controlling etiological factors and reducing symptoms. Occlusal splints are the most commonly used in the treatment of bruxism. Medications are used in situations when other methods, including psychotherapy, do not give positive results. Given the multifactorial etiology, the therapeutic approach must be multidisciplinary. The approach to the patient must be individual in order to treat as effectively as possible.

The new pandemic, caused by the corona viral disease 2019 (Covid-19), has brought with it a series of restrictive measures that have drastically altered people's way of life and which restrict freedom of movement, behavior and social engagement. At the time of pandemia, almost all aspects of each individual lifestyle have been impaired, especially in members of vulnerable groups, particularly women in postpartum women. Acute psychological reactions to a pandemia may include insomnia, fear of infection, anxiety, frustration, panic attacks, loneliness, but also depressive episodes. Non-psychotic postpartum mood and anxiety disorders can occur as an inability to adapt to stressful life situations. A comprehensive understanding of the impact of the pandemia on the mental health of women in the postpartum period is needed, in order to devise adequate approaches to recovery from such a major disaster as the Covid-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a complex pulmonary syndrome mediated by the immune system and caused by inhalation of antigens to which the patient has been previously sensitized. From the clinical point of view hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be divided into acute/subacute, and chronic phenotypes. It is characterized by an insidious onset of cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and weight loss that develop over several weeks to a few months. Case report: A 52-year-old patient came in February 2017 with high temperature, chest tightness, dyspnea, persistent cough, hemoptysis and weight loss of more than 6 kilograms. Radiography and computerized tomography showed poorly defined small diffuse centrilobular bilateral nodules. Inspiratory crackles were detected by physical examination. Routine laboratory tests were regular. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis and lung biopsies by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery indicated the presence of diffuse lymphocytic infiltrates and giant cells with non-necrotizing granulomas and cellular bronchiolitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis diagnosed. She was given 35 mg deflazacort, bronchodilators to widen the airways and etamsilat pills. We did not identify the causative agents, including home, workplace and recreational environmental factors.Conclusion: Making the correct diagnosis has critical therapeutic and prognostic implications. Patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis should be referred to expert centers, as the overlap with other forms of interstitial lung disease may be deceiving. The mainstay in managing this illness is to avoid the causative antigen, though complete removal is not always possible.

Arachnoid cysts are cavities filled with liquor, usually localized on the floor of the middle cranial fossa. Clinically, they are usually asymptomaticand can sometimes be presented with increased intracranial pressure syndrome and epileptic seizures. We present a patient who, after a slight head injury in a accident develops an increased intracranial pressure syndrome followed by an epileptic seizure. Based on the clinical course and diagnostic processing, we want to draw attention doctors who are in a position to inspect these patients that apparently slight head injuries can be complicated and dangerous for the lives of the premorbid intracranial condition of the injured.