Introduction/Aim: Heat stress represents the important problem in military services. This study investigates the effects of exertional heat stress on complex cognitive functions. Methods: 40 male soldiers performed exertional heat stress test, of which 10 performed the test of the same intensity in cool environment. Cognitive functions were mesured by computerized battery CANTAB, before and immediately after exertional heat stress test. Results: Exertional heat stress led to impairment of some cognitive functions in unacclimatized group: decrease of accuracy in MTS test (from 92,6±4,2% towards 84,5±6,9%, p<0,05) and PSRs (from 85,0±8,0% towards 77,0±9,6%, p<0,05), while similar decreases were recorded in MTS test in passively acclimatized group (from 92,2±5,5% towards 87,7±5,6%, p<0,05) i.e. in PSRs test in actively acclimatized group (from 83,3±6,3% towards 69,4±5,1%, p<0,05). The reaction time was not affected in any group whatsoever. Discussion and conclusion: Exertional heat stress leads to mild impairment of complex cognitive functions, particularly in domain of accuracy. Physical strain itself, however, does not affect cognitive functions. Relatively resistance to heat stress in zoung soldiers may be contributed to their high aerobic level.

Introduction: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents the unexpected and sudden death of young apparently healthy people. Alarge number of examined cases referred to professional athletes. There is not enough data in the literature related to those who performed sports in a sporadic and recreational manner. In order to prevent SCD, a screening protocol was determined, in which, an ECG performed at rest plays a important role. Based on the established criteria, changes on the ECG can be treated as normal, borderline and abnormal. An abnormal result indicates a risk of SCD. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the risk of SCD in students who practice physical activity recreationally. Methods: The research involved 500 students (both sexes) of the 1st and 3rd year of study on the University of Pristina situated in Kosovska Mitrovica. As part of the regular systematic examination, an ECG was performed at rest. The risk of SCD was determined by analyzing the changes on the ECG and grouping them based on screening recommendations. Results: The obtained results show that 44% of students had changes on the ECG and that 8% of students had an abnormal result indicated a possible risk of sudden cardiac death. Conclusion: Therefore, timely recognizing and interpreting ECG changes in accordance with screening recommendations is an imperative for identification and possible prevention of SCD.

Introduction. Emotions are one of the most important psychological processes, with a decisive influence on a person's voice. Faced with the great challenges and changes that primary and secondary socialization agents impose in the process of growing up, children consequently experience a spectrum of various unpleasant feelings: anxiety, fear, anger, frustration and sadness. Due to the fast-paced lifestyle, it often happens that the child ignores unpleasant feelings, which further worsens the condition in which he finds himself. Among other conditions, psychogenic aphonia in children has become more frequent in recent years. The current case report aims to determine the frequency of psychogenic aphonia in children, to identify the most common causes that lead to psychogenic aphonia and highlight the methods of vocal treatment that give the best results during rehabilitation. Case report. The current paper presents the results collected in a two-year period at the Clinic for Ear, Throat and Nose of the Clinical Hospital Center "Zvezdara". In the period from March 2017 to May 2019, psychogenic aphonia was diagnosed in 31 patients, which is an evident increase compared to the previous ten-year period in which psychogenic aphonia was diagnosed in 38 younger patients. Analyzing heteroanamnestic data obtained from parents, the most common answer about the cause of psychogenic aphonia is dissatisfaction with school success. After successful diagnostics by an otorhinolaryngologist, psychiatrist and vocal pathologist, in the process of rehabilitation of psychogenic aphonia, methods of digital manipulation of the larynx, methods of restoring the voice with cough reflex and methods of turning out the feedback system were applied. In this particular case, the method of digital manipulation of the larynx gave the best results. Conclusion. Optimal evaluation of patients with voice disorders requires the joint efforts of experts from different disciplines. Having in mind the tendency of recurrence of psychogenic aphonia, these findings suggest that the integration of the interventions of a vocal pathologist and a psychiatrist could give effective results in the process of rehabilitation voice.

Background: Covaxin and Covishield vaccines have rapidly rolled out in India to curb the pandemic. We aimed to test the hypothesis that COVID-19 vaccination is clinically effective. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology at MGM College, Jaipur, India after approval from the Ethics Committee. Vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were tested on disease transmission, hospitalization, and clinical outcomes. Researchers collected data using questionnaires circulated through google forms. The association between attributes was tested using the chi-squared test. The significance level was considered at 5%. Results: The vaccination significantly reduced disease transmission of COVID-19 [c2=4.51; p = 0.034]. However, no significant differences were seen in RTPCR positivity, chest CT findings, and hospitalization on vaccination. COVID-related symptoms and their severity were not statistically different between the two groups. Most elderly were vaccinated [c2=41.68; p < 0.001]. Most youths took one dose, while the elderly took two doses of the vaccine [c2=41.77; p < 0.001]. All age groups had similar severity of AEFIs [c2=13.22; p < 0.21]. The vaccination status across gender did not differ significantly. [c2=1.13; p < 0.288] Most males took two doses as compared to females [c2=6,57; p < 0.01]. Adverse effects post-immunization were more severe in females than males [c2=13.10; p < 0.001]. There was no association between the number of vaccine doses and the severity of AEFIs [c2=16.42; p = 0.06]. Conclusion: The present study concludes the beneficial effect of vaccination in reducing disease transmission. However, vaccination has no role in mitigating other COVID-related outcomes.

Although cerebrovascular disease may be a well recognised trigger for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), literature data on the precise mechanisms, characteristics, or treatment guidelines are rare. The risk of developing an ischemic stroke is doubled in adults with diabetes compared to people with normal glucose metabolism. It is important to point out that even children with DKA have a significantly increased risk of cerebrovascular insult and that they can have a stroke with a frequency of about 10%. Given the significant overlap of symptoms between these two diseases, it can be assumed that attributing DKA symptoms as a manifestation of stroke is not uncommon, especially in elderly and less communicative patients. In addition, pH, bicarbonate concentration, and anion gap are not routinely measured in all diabetics suffering from stroke, at least not in secondary health institutions.Children who develop cerebrovascular stroke during DKA often at the beginning have a preserved consciousness or only mild confusion or lethargy. After a few hours, with the institution of therapy, however, loss of consciousness may occur accompanied by signs of increased intracranial pressure. It was previously thought that the cause was too fast fluid replacement. Recent data suggest that reperfusion injury may be a more likely mechanism. Although most of these studies relate to younger individuals with ketoacidosis, it is clear that at least some of them may be operative in adult DKA. Literature therapeutic guidelines for adult diabetics with stroke-related diabetic ketoacidosis are almost lacking, although it is clear that they could not be the same as those utilised in population with normal glucose metabolism. In this paper, we have tried to define our treatment guidelines for these particular patients.

The variety of etiological factors contributing to the development of distal bite various form, as well as the structures that are affected by the disorders determine the deegre of complexity of the malocclusion itself, and thus the choice of therapeutic procedure by which it will be treated. An 11-year-old female patient was diagnosed with this type of malocclusion with a certain degree of presence of other irregularities. After a detailed diagnostic procedure, and determining the type of growth, we approach the therapeutic procedure in two phases. By applying the funcional therapy in the first phase, we correct the vertical growth type, and then in the second phase of therapy using a fixed technique we achieve harmonious intermaxillary relations, an adequate molar and canine Class I relationship as well, thus improving the aesthetics of the patient's face.

Introduction: The circle of Willis is the major source of collateral blood flow between the carotid and vertebrobasilar system. Its potential depends on the presence and size of arteries that vary greatly among normal individuals and therefore their adequate observation by a radiologist is necessary. Aim: Determine the type of the circle of Willis and their frequency. Determine the type, frequency and localization of anatomical variants of arteries, as well as their average diameter. Compare these variables according to the age and gender of the examinees. Material and methods: A retrospective study was performed at the Center for Radiology of the Clinical Center Nis during 2017. All subjects underwent CT or MR angiography according to a standard endocranial protocol. The anterior and posterior parts of the circle were specially observed, with an emphasis on the presence or absence of anatomical variants of the arteries, with the measurement of their diameter. The obtained data were classified into variants of the front or rear part of the ring as well as the type of ring according to integrity. The frequency of these variables and their comparison by sex and age were measured. Results: The research included 92 examinees. According to the configuration of the Willis arterial ring, the adult type was the most often represented (71.7%). The most common type in terms of integrity was partially complete. The most common anatomical variants obtained in our work was aplasia of AcoA (27.2%) and aplasia of one or both PCoA (21%). PcoA hypoplasia was occured in women with a frequency of 13.5% while in men it was not present. Conclusion: Adequate understanding of the morphology of the circle of Willis by radiological methods is a good guide for neurosurgical and radiological intervention procedures. In this way, potentially significant neurological complications and the risk of morbidity and mortality could be reduced.

Introduction: Maxillary canines are usually impacted teeth the second after third molar. Frequency of impacted maxillary canines is about 1 to 3% of population (in 85% of the cases palataly, and in 15% of the cases bucaly). The aim of this research was to find the frequency of bucal and palatal impacted maxillary canines in relation to sex and position of impacted tooth. Matherial and method: We analyzed three-dimensional computed tomography images (CBCT) of 64 examinees (aged 12 to 33 years) with 80 unerupted maxillary canines to plan the orthodontic therapy. Results: Among 64 examines with impactions, 80 impacted maxillary canines are diagnosed. The average age of all respondents in the survey is 16,3±4,3. Of 64 examinees in research 41(64.1%) were female which is significantly more important than the representation of male examinees whose number was 23(35.9%). Frequency of unilateral impactions of maxillary canines is three times higher 48 (75%) in comparison to bilateral impactions 16 (25%). Of total 80 impacted maxillary canines 19 (23.75%) were bucal impacted, 3 (2.75%) in the middle of alveolus and 58 (72.5%) palatally. With the bucal and palatal impaction usually was represented partially vertical impaction (70%); completely horizontal impaction (10%) was represented only in the palatal impaction. Conclusion: The analysis of CBCT images of maxilla shows a statistically significant frequency of partially vertical, unilateral and paltally localized impacted maxillary canines.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common and accounts for about 6.6% of all cancers in women. Aim: The aim was to determine the frequency of premalignant and malignant changes in the cervix, to examine the histological-cytological correlation of premalignant and malignant changes in the cervix and the correlation of the women's age with the stage of cervical disease. Material and Methods: A retrospective study analyzed 186 cervical biopsy specimens and cervical smears (Papanicolau test) at the Institute of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine in Pristina, based in Kosovska Mitrovica, over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. Results: Of the 186 subjects, 62 had mild premalignant changes of type LSIL, 22 HSIL, and as many as 20 (10.75%) cervical cancer. There was a statistically significant positive association between histological and cytological findings (r = 0.854; p <0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the age of the subjects with regard to histological findings (F = 11,327; p <0.001). Subjects with HSIL were significantly older than those diagnosed with cervicitis chronica (p = 0.029). Subjects diagnosed with planocellular carcinoma were significantly older than women with cervicitis chronica (p <0.001) and LSIL (p <0.001). Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of cervical cancer in Northern Kosovo and in the Serbian enclaves in central Kosovo and Metohija. Subjects with cervical cancer were significantly older than subjects with mild premalignant cervical changes. There is a significant histologic-cytological correlation of cervical findings, so we believe that more massive cervical screening, especially in younger women, could reduce the incidence of premalignant and malignant diseases of the cervix.

Objective: In the available literature data, there is not much information about problems of patients with end stage kidney disease in relation to oral health. Our objective was to show the importance of oral diseases for patients on hemodialysis. Data sources: In this review article, the sources of data are review articles and scientific articles in the English language published in MEDLINE database. The choice of studies was based on keywords: Chronic kidney disease, Hemodialysis, Oral health, Periodontal diseases. Results: It is assumed that almost 90% patients with chronic kidney disease manifest some symptoms of oral disease. Therefore, it is important to determine the impact of periodontal disease on the progression of kidney failure in these individuals, to evaluate inflammatory parameters in this patient population, to assess the degree of bone loss and periodontal disease index, to determine the presence of bacterial strains, paradontopathy of gingival fluid and antibody titers, to examine correlations of proinflammatory cytokines in the gingival sulcus and serum, as well as to determine the relationship between periodontal tissue and inflammatory mediators. Periodontal diseases can increase the possibility of developing chronic kidney disease by 1.5 to 2 times. These oral diseases include gingival hyperplasia, periodontitis, xerostomia, unpleasant breath, changes in the oral mucosa, malignancies, oral infections, dental abnormalities and bone lesions. Conclusion: This requires serious cooperation between nephrologists and dentists to make proper communication possible, in order to provide quality dental care for this growing patient population in accordance with new treatment strategies.