Introduction: Mental illness is the most common cause of disability and a major public health issue worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, the difficulty of therapeutic treatment and the possible progression of the disease.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the student population over a 5-year period and the connection between sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of students and the occurrence of depressive symptoms.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the period 2018-2022 at the Institute for Health Protection of Students in Belgrade. Data was obtained by analyzing the questionnaire completed by student including the PHQ-9 questionnaire. The difference between students' socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits and the presence of depression was examined using the X2 test. Variables that were significant in the X2 test were included in a binary logistic regression. The data were analyzed with SPSS 20.

Results: 34047 students participated, 17.53% of whom were identified as individuals with high risk for depression. In the study first graders showed more symptoms of depression than third graders. The students who showed symptoms of depression were typically female, lived with their parents, did not consume alcohol or smoke and exercised 2-3 times per week. In the logistical regression model, alcohol consumption was positively and significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion: The preventive measures should focus on lower alcohol consumption and frequent physical activity. Regular systematic examinations and referral to a specialist for the individuals identified as high-risk for depression should be mandatory.

Arterial hypertension is well-known strong risk factor that can lead to the development of coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, and other heart-related issues. Arterial hypertension has increased exponentially in the last few decades in adult men and women. Traditionally arterial hypertension is classified as primary, when no specific cause has been identified and is usually associated with multiple genetic polymorphisms and various environmental factor interactions, and secondary when there are conditions with biological plausibility to cause hypertension. Traditional data in medical textbooks indicate that in 90-95% of cases, arterial hypertension is primary, while only a small percentage of cases have secondary hypertension. European guidelines for elevated blood pressure and hypertension from 2024 indicate a higher prevalence of secondary hypertension, ranging from 10-35% of cases. Secondary hypertension is still not fully understood and often remains undiagnosed. Identifying the underlying cause of secondary hypertension is crucial, as treating the root condition can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and improve overall quality of life. Obesity is a major global health problem and the prevalence of obesity is constantly increasing and simultaneously leads to an increase in the prevalence of both primary and secondary arterial hypertension. Some forms of secondary hypertension cause more severe cardiac damage than primary hypertension and are associated with a higher cardiovascular risk. Secondary hypertension is more often resistant hypertension, which means that it is difficult to achieve target blood pressure values. It is important to timely conduct appropriate examinations and begin treatment promptly.

Future unavoidable development of individualized brain anatomy as a part of personalized medicine requires large databases from a vast number of individual brains. The simple descriptions, important in the clinic, demonstrated the wide morphological and morphometric variability of the sulci and gyri. Today, it is no longer enough, like in traditional anatomy, to simply describe one single, several, or even "all" sulcal/gyral variations in one region of the brain. Potential problems in the comprehensive analysis of their patterns with attempts to suggest further research are briefly reviewed. The medial hemispheric surface is suitable for a morphological pilot study of complete sulcal and gyral variability. Sulcal patterns should be presented in simplified linear form rather than as detailed images, and one useful simplification for analyzing gyral patterns, the essential gyral line, is described. Simultaneous investigation of gyri and sulci is recommended, but the problem is combinations of specific patterns in different percentages. Sophisticated algorithms could recognize cortical patterns and calculate their possible combinations. Anatomical terminology is an unavoidable component of these studies. Big data about variations of sulci and gyri would be useful in personalized medicine but also in genetic studies of potential laws and inheritance of their associations.

UVOD: Atrofični ožiljci nastaju kao česta posledica nelečenih akni, usled smanjene sinteze kolagena i poremećenih mehanizama reparacije tkiva. Plazma bogata trombocitima (PRP) se poslednjih godina sve češće koristi u terapiji ožiljaka zahvaljujući svojim regenerativnim sposobnostima, kao što su stimulacija sinteze kolagena, angiogeneza i remodelovanje tkiva.

PRIKAZ BOLESNIKA: Prikazan je slučaj pacijentkinje starosti 33 godine sa atrofičnim ožiljcima od akni tipa icepick i boxcar, lokalizovanim obostrano na obrazima. Sprovedena su tri PRP tretmana u razmaku od 4-6 nedelja. Korišćen je komercijalni PRP set, a dobijena plazma aplikovana je intradermalno iglom do 30G na dubini od oko 2mm. Sprovedena je klinička evaluacija i fotodokumentacija pre i posle serije tretmana. Nakon sprovedene terapije zabeleženo je značajno kliničko poboljšanje.

ZAKLJUČAK: PRP terapija se pokazala kao efikasna, bezbedna i dobro podnošljiva terapija u lečenju atrofičnih ožiljaka od akni. Iako standardizovan protokol u lečenju atrofičnih ožiljaka ne postoji, ovaj prikaz slučaja podržava PRP kao vrednu samostalnu ili kombinovanu terapijsku proceduru.

KLJUČNE REČI: Plazma bogata trombocitima, atrofični ožiljci od akni

Introduction: Peptic ulcer is a chronic recurrent disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which most often occurs as gastric or duodenal ulcer. Peptic ulcer is characterized by certain geographical and temporal trends.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of gastric and duodenal ulcers among subjects who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) endoscopy due to dyspeptic complaints, as well as to analyze the trend of ulcer disease over a period of 10 years.

Material and Methods: The data of a total of 4074 subjects with an average age of 54.53 ± 15.03 years, both sexes, 1841 men and 2233 women, who underwent EGDS in 2005 and 2015 calendar years were retrospectively analyzed. Results: This study showed that the trend of ulcer disease significantly decreased in the observed ten-year period, accompanied by concomitant decrease in the prevalence of duodenal ulcers, while the frequency of gastric ulcers retained approximately at the same level. The results showed that men were at greater relative risk than women for the development of duodenal ulcers, in both calendar years. In the ten-year period, the average age of patients with ulcer disease increased by about 4 years, especially in the group with duodenal ulcer, and particularly within women with duodenal ulcer. Compared to 2005, the average age of subjects undergoing EGDS in 2015 increased by about 2 years, regardless of whether or not they were diagnosed with ulcer disease.

Conclusions: In the period 2005 - 2015, the age of patients with peptic ulcer tended to increase, whilst the prevalence of ulcer disease, especially duodenal ulcer, has decreased. The relative risk for duodenal ulcer in men was higher than in women. 

This article focuses on the sonographic axamination techique for evaluation of intracranial translucencies during the first trimester ultrasound scan. Appropriate knowledge of sonographic landmarks is the most important factor for evaluation normal as well as abnormal brain structure, and this examination may enable detection of open spina bifida and Arnold – Chiari anomaly at an early stage of fetal develpoment.

Introduction/Objective 
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol use in the student population of the University of
Belgrade.
Methods 
The cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of 2,000 students of the Belgrade University. Four faculties (Medicine, Geography,
Economics, Electrical Engineering) from which the students participating in this research were chosen by the method of random choice (by computer
listing), conducted in the period April - June 2010.
Results 
Among our respondents, the highest amount of spirits is consumed by respondents from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, with 22% of
them consuming more than 6 shots on each occasion, while the smallest number of students who drink more than 6 shots on each occasion are from
the Faculty of Economics, with 8%. Students from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, who have the lowest prevalence of cigarette use, consume
alcohol in a binge drinking pattern. The highest frequency of binge drinking in the past year and in the past month before the survey was among
respondents from the Faculty of Geography.
Conclusion 
There is a need for developing a conscience about all the effects that alcohol has, especially physical ones which are not usually noticed
immediately; taking responsibility for own actions; working on a healthy life style and educating people to enhance and improve their health control.

Thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, affect the work of all organs and organ systems. Whether they are in excess or in deficit, they lead to significant disturbances in the homeostasis of the organism, changing first of all the metabolic processes and leading to significant clinical manifestations, primarily in the cardiovascular, but also in other organ systems. The imbalance of thyroid hormones also has oralmanifestations, which are often the reason why patients visit the dentist. However, what worries dentists the most is the possibility of acute decompensation of hyper or hypothyroidism, with the appearance of thyrotoxic storm or myxedema coma, which are life-threatening conditions. Therefore, a valid pre-procedural evaluation and preparation of patients with thyroid hormone function disorders for pre-planned dental interventions is of great importance. During dental procedures, it is necessary to adhere to recommendations regarding the choice of local anesthetics, hemostasis, drug interactions, the possibility of infection and minimizing stress, all in order to avoid acute decompensation of thyroid imbalance.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a hemodynamic condition characterized by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥ 25 mmHg at rest, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) ≤ 15 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) > 240 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵. The annual incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is approximately 3–10 new cases per million adults. It is estimated that the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in individuals over 65 years of age is around 10%.The aim of this study is to present the case of a female patient with progressive dyspnea in whom PAH remained undiagnosed for a prolonged period.A 74-year-old female patient, M.P., was hospitalized in the Coronary Care Unit of the Clinical Center in Kosovska Mitrovica due to symptoms of shortness of breath, choking, fatigue, leg swelling, and weakness. The admission ECG revealed: sinus rhythm, normal axis, high R wave in V2, ST depression, and negative T waves in leads II, III, aVF, and V4–V5. Echocardiography findings showed right ventricular enlargement (2.9 cm), pulmonary artery dilation (3.3 cm), 1–2+ pulmonary regurgitation, and 3+ tricuspid regurgitation, with a systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) of up to 126 mmHg. The right ventricle measured 5.3 cm in the 4Ch view, with a TAPSE of 1.8 cm. Right heart catheterization revealed the following pressures: PA 78/34/57 mmHg, RV 74/8/10 mmHg, RA 6/6/7 mmHg, CO 4.3 l/min, and LV 99/10/8 mmHg. Although primary pulmonary hypertension is predominantly a disease of younger individuals, it should also be considered in older patients presenting with progressive dyspnea in the absence of structural heart disease.

Background: People with diabetes more often experienced severe clinical forms of COVID-19. However, it has been hypothesized that certain antidiabetic drugs may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the change in consumption of antidiabetic drugs in Serbia.

Methods: This descriptive analysis was carried out using publicly accessible data obtained from the official website of the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia during the period 2006-2022. The joinpoint regression analysis was applied to investigate the dynamics of antidiabetic drugs utilization over time.

Results: In the Republic of Serbia, this study analyzed the use of 28 antidiabetic drugs between 2006 and 2022.The results showed that at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in consumption of dulaglutide (starting from 2020) and a decrease in consumption of insulin detemir (starting from 2019), insulin lispro (combined) and insulin lispro (fast-acting) (starting from 2020).

Conclusion: Our study revealed significant changes in the usage of certain antidiabetic drugs, such as increased consumption of dulaglutide and decreased use of various insulin types. These changes reflect the evolving strategies in diabetes treatment to better support patients during this global health crisis.

Key words: antidiabetic drugs, impact of Covid-19, consumption, Serbia