Scientific research of effects of glucagon on the cardiovascular system have shown that glucagon has some
cardiostimulatory potential. The very interesting fact is that glucagon shows its cardiostimulatory effects by activating its
own, higly specific glucagonic receptors. That is way we wanted to research not only the effects of glucagon on the C.V.S.
but also its effects during the depression of the C.V.S. with high dosses of beta blocators (presolol) expecting a good
hemodinamic response. The experiment has been performed on two groups of 6 dogs. The first group of animal was treated
with i.v. bolus injections of glucagon and other group with presolol (15 mg/kg b.w.) i.v., and after that with i.v. bolus
injection of glucagon. Hemodinamic variables (mean arterial pressure, central venal pressure and hearth frequency) were
registred at the 1-st, 2-nd, 3-rd, 10-th, 20-th, 30-th and 40-th minute. The hearth frequency was registred by continous
monitoring, mean arterial pressure was registred with cateter in the arterial femoralis, while the central venal pressure was
registred over central venal cateter in v. femoralis. After the i.v. bolus injection glukagon shows higly positive effects,
followed by short-term increase of the mean arterial pressure, while the c.v.p. considerably falls. During the administration
of presolol the hearth frequency and mean arterial pressure fall considerably and progressively, while the c.v.p. rises
considerably. Glucagon, in conditions of c.v.s. depresion by high doses of presolol (15 mg /kg b.w.) considerably increases
hearth frequency and mean arterial pressure, while the c.v.p. falls considerably.

Beside great improvement in diagnostical ant therapeutic aproach in curement of brain tumors, gliomas still have
bad prognosis. Better results could be obtained only in early tumor discavery. Alpha pheto protein (AFP) and carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) are markers specific for certain carcinomas (hepatocelular, nonseminated testicular, colorectal). Thieir specifity for gliomas still has not been stated. The aim of tis study was to determine tissue or sera levels of AFP, and CEAin experimentaly induced gliomas, and teir poential use in human gliomas diagnosis. For analyses , tissue supernatant homogenate C6 of rat glioma and sera were used during different phases of development (days 0,7,14,21 and 31). Tumor markers were also determened as well as in tissue of human brain tumors (two anaplastic astrocitomas an one glioblastoma). Techique applied was immunoenzyme type Mein method. Obtained results showed no signs of AFPeither in sera, or in rat brain tissue or human glioma tissue. CEA however, showed statisticlly, important specifity, for glioma tissue. During tumorgenesis tissue concentracion of CEA showed statisticly higher levels in comparasion with controls , starting from day 7, reachin peak of tumorgenesis on day 21, (p < 0.001). CEAwas not detectable in control animal group sera, and also during the period of tumor development. CEA concentracion obtained from animal brain were similar to those in human
brain tissue tumors. Further investigation need to be caried out, in order to determine the potential role of this marker in
diagnosis and treatment establishment course.

With this work we intended to examine antipyretical effect of different extracts from the leaf. The following extracts were examined: etherical chloroformic The experiments were conducted on white laboratory mice, type BALB/C. Mice were divided in 5 groups, where each group received the appropriate extract. Rectal temperature was measured by "Termistorowy" termometer. After the temperatures were measured, for each of examined group we defined area under the curve. The area values were later used to determine statistically significant differences between them. Examination results of antipyretic effects of different extracts ( ) from the leaf, i parsley (Et O), (CHCl ), ethyl-acetic (EtOAC), n-bhutanolic (nBuOH), aquae- 2 3 ous (H O). 2 etherical (Et O), chloroformic (CHCl ), ethyl-acetic (EtOAC), n-bhutanolic (nBuOH), aquaeous (H O) parsley 2 3 2 n experiment with mice, show that all the extracts mentioned above, decreased (annuled) pyrogenic effect of 12% yeast suspension. 

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) are the most common neurological
diseases in newborn period. Very often they are caused by perinatal asphyxia and they may lead to permanent disturbances in psychomotor development of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of neurological examination and other diagnostic methods in both diagnosis and prognosis of HIE and ICH in high - risk newborn infants. We prospectively examined the group of 115 infants who were followed till the age of three years in order to evaluate their neurological development. Neurological status during newborn period and the first year of life were abnormal in 62% of infants, ultrasound examination of the brain results were abnormal in 60% of infants and electroencephalographic records were abnormal in 23% of infants. Magnetic resonance imaging were done in 25 infants, showing patological changes
predominantly localized in periventricular white mater, basal ganglia and talamus in 10 of them. At the age of three years, we
found that seven infants had moderately severe neurological deficits and nine infants had severe neurological deficits. We
concluded that neurological examination and ultrasound examination of the brain were of limited diagnostic and prognostic
value while electroencephalographic examination was of great significance in infants with neurological disturbances.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was very good method in evaluating pathological changes in the brain of studied
infants, and the spectrum of pathological changes correlated very well with the type of neurological deficits. Prognosis of
neurological development of infants with pathological changes predominantly localized in the region of periventricular
white mater were better than of infants with pathological changes in the region of basal ganglia and talamus who had very
bad prognosis.

The aim of our work was to inquire after frequency and characteristics of repeated myocardial infarction. We questioned prospectively 123 patients, diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, who were hospitalized in the Coronary unit
of Krusevac Health centre, during the period of 01. 02.- 31. 07. 2001. Repeated myocardial infarction was found in 16,26%
of questioned patients. Non Q acute myocardial infarction was found in 35,00% on patients with repeated myocardial infarction and 8,74% on patients with the first myocardial infarction (p<0,01). In patients with repeated myocardial infarction
more often was found heart failure (55,00% vs 20,39%, p<0,01). Repeated myocardial infarction have difficulty clinical
flow, but have not statistical significantly higher early mortality

In this research it was examined how fatigue in the working process affected the speed of reaction on a complicated
stimulus, and also on the frequency of inadequate reactions. The investigation was carried out by means method of combine
reaction time (CRT). CRT is the shortest time that passes from the moment when a person is affected by a complicated stimulus until the moment when the person responds to the stimulus, by making adequate and complicated reaction. CRTwas registrated in working population of railroad employees who were divided in two groups:group of locomotive drivers (n= 44) and group of a railroad employees (n=25). In the group of locomotive drivers it was taken into the consideration whether the type of locomotive was electrical or diesel power. In both groups, CRT was registrated in two phases of working process; before and after daily work. Results showed that in both examined groups CRT got significantly extended after the
working process. Duration of CRT was longer before and after working process in the group of electrical power locomotive
drivers compared to diesel power locomotive drivers. Fatigue did not affect significantly on the frequency of incorrect answers

Menopause may influence negatively the cardiovascular system of women, especially that of smokers. The aim of
our study was to compare lipid levels and left ventricular function in postmenopausal women smokers and non-smokers
during 12 months of oral estrogen replacement therapy. The study group included healthy postmenopausal women, 30
smokers and 32 non-smokers. Before and in 6 month intervals the following parameters were followed: total cholesterol,
LDL-, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure and echocardiographic parameters of systolic and diastolic left
ventricular function. Before therapy non-smokers had higher total and LDL-cholesterol, when compared to smokers. Oral
estrogen replacement therapy significantly decreased levels of total and LDL-cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol,
only in non-smokers. No change in lipid levels was observed in smokers. However, women who smoked longer had higher
triglyceride levels after 12 months of oral estrogen replacement therapy. Echocardiography revealed significant improvement of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function in non-smokers, while improvement of only systolic function in
smokers. Our study has shown that 12 months of oral estrogen replacement therapy may not have a protective role on the
cardiovascular system of postmenopausal women smokers

The research was conducted at the Department of Pathology and Histology of Clinical center of Novi Sad. We analysed the reports of autopsies of newborns (to 28 days old), stillborns and miscarried fetuses in 1991 and 2001. Found
malformations were classified according to organ systems. Results for 1991 show next structure of congenital malformations: 3 malformations of central nervous system (14.29%), 0 malformations of urogenital system (0%), 3 malformations of
gastrointestinal system (14.29%), 1 malformations of musculosceletal system (4.76%), 9 malformations of cardiovascular
system (42.86%), 1 chromosomal defects (4.76%), 4 multiple malformations (19.05%). Results for 2001 have next value: 9
malformations of central nervous system (27.27%), 4 malformations of urogenital system (12.12%), 5 malformations of
gastrointestinal system (15.15%), 0 malformations of musculosceletal system (0%), 4 malformations of cardiovascular
system (12.12%), 2 chromosomal defects (6.06%), 9 multiple malformations (27.27%). By the comperison of the results of
structure of congenital malformations in 1991 and 2001, we can conclude that the differences of cardiovascular and urogenital malformations are statistically important

The frequent sign in renal disease and disease of urinary tract is presents of blood in urine, hematuria, and it is discovered very often in children. Aim of this work was to establish the most frequent causes of hematuria in our recorded
material. Investigation was accomplished on 60 patients, by using standard clinical and biochemical methods. The results of
work have showed that hematiria may be faund in any age in children. Most patients belong to age 5-10 years 27 (45.0%),
belong to age up to 10 years, and 26,6% belong to age 1 -5 year. Hematuria is more common in school-aged children and in
adolescence. Gross hematuria is found in 60% of patients, and microscopic hematuria in 40% of patients. Infective cause of
hematuria is found in 29 patients, and in 31 patients other causes, such as : stones, sec.glomerular diseases, tumors, hematologic disorders, etc. As infective glomerular disease and infection of urinary tract, in 25 % patients the cause of hematuria is acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, tuberculosis in 6,66 patients,urinary tract infecion in 16,6 patients (in 8,33% patients caused by E.colli). Anatomic abnormalities is found in 15% patients,asymptomatic hematuria in 6,6%, lithiasis in 5%, and Henoch - Schönlein in 5%, and coagulopathies in5 % of patients, other causes are rare.In observed sample of patients, we have registrated high frequency of hematuria in chlidren with ac. poststreptoccal glomerulonephritis, then in children with morphological abnormalitis of urinary tract,urinary tract infection, and IgAnephropathia as a very rare cause, but Trachtman and Hagg in their reserches found Alport syndrom and IgA nephropathy as a most frequently causes of Hematuria

Powers was the first scientis who described Varices oesophagei in 1939 (Thomas in 1960) in the 19th century,
th Varices weve considered like consequence of splenies sicknes, was noted like 20 century, portal hypertension, noted like
pathogenesiscal machinery for begining. Varices oesophegei and classification. Oesophagoscopy was vade by 40 patients
because varices were veryfied and a factor of risk, which varices have was measured. Endoscopy morphologycal classification Varices oesophagei was used by Paque in 4 class. Varices in the first class was had 17,5% in the second class 35%, in the second and third class 22,5%, the fourth class 5%. Varices in the third and fourth class have observed like bigs Varices who have very risc and ruinouses for life.

On the territory of Yugoslavia Q fever presents a significant health and epidemiological problem. In Vojvodina Q
fever is being reported in epidemic form. In adition to, sporadic cases are registrated in Central Serbia as well. In Kosovo and Metohia during this period there was no single case of Q fever diagnosed. This disease is primary professional illness. Q
fever is more often diagnosed in male compared to female gender. Among reported cases elderly structures between 20 and
59 dominate and participation of those elderly groups estimate 78,4% of all registerd cases. Q fever has a strictly seasonal
character, and the most cases are reported in the period January-April

Hepatitis A is relatively benign disease. The duration of illness caused by HAV is variable, ranging from several
weeks to several mounths. Infection with HAV does not cause chronic liver disease. We have presented the clinical and
st epidemiological caracteristic an epidemic of hepatitis A in area of Toplica. Since late septembar 2001 to february of 21 in
2002, in hospital in Prokuplje have been treated 211 patients. The epidemic is spread by contact

Specific immunotherapy (SIT) has been used for almost a century but its form of administration is still a matter of
debate. At present curative SIThas only demonstrated its efficiancy, under the conditions that an appropriate allergen extract
is used, and patients are careffuly selected. However, many alergic patients likely to respond to immunotherapy are not
treated specificaly, due to the prevaling opinion that immunotherapy is ineffective, and has more uneffectable side effects
than drug treatment. Direct comparison of efficiancy between immunotherapy and drugs is problematic as this implies a
comparison between a treatment aiming at interfering with the pathophysiological mechanisms of the alergic inflammation
with potential for long term effect, or even cure (immunotherapy), and a treatment abolishing symptoms whi-le being
administered, but without long term preventive capacity (drugs). In most patients the situation is not an either but ra-ther
both and. The advantages of combinig immunotherapy and drugs are related to a higher likelihood of increasing effi-ciancy,
reducing side effects, and improving patient compliance by combining a treatment having an immediate effect with one
functioning more slowly

The level of the health protection determines the living standard of people in that area. If the standard is higher the health protection is on a higher level. Extraordinary circumstances on the territory of Kosova and Metohia in the period of th almost whole last decade of 20 century caused much lower of health protection. It happened a spontaneous mobilisation of all factors of normal life in this area, causing an improvement in this matter. First public health workers made some changes and permitted their work with a great enthusiasm. Social-political structure of this area connected humanitarian organizations while Serbian population showed a strong determination to struggle with is strength for the existence in this area. Therefore the lowest level of the health protection in 1999 started gradually to improve. By opening new section within the Health Center in Zubin Potok (orthopedic and neurological) the scope of the health protection of the people got more extended. Orthopedic section opened an X-ray room where we X-rayed injures and sickness of the locomotor systems. In the period 1999-2002. we checked 8692 sick people (42,65% workers, 49,30% housewives and pensioners and 8.30% children). However, we did 1404 surgery operation. We took out 82 benign tumors, 64 objects and 59 skin excision (removal of para-site-ixodes ricini). Nevertheless, we put 2039 bandages where injures and sickness of locomotor systems occurred. During the last 3.5 years we did 301 X-ray photos. Gradual improvement of the standard of people, improvement of the social-political situation and further strong motivation of the population to stay in this area, contributing to better medical treatment and healing of sick people. It is contributing to the existence of the Serbian population in this area.

Certainly the level of the health protection of the population is in a direct connection with the living standard of people. Life and work of all the people in Zubin Potok municipality, as well giving the health help, became more difficult after 1999. It is because of the exile of non-Albanian population from teritory of Kosovo and Metohia. The most difficult problem, taking care of sick people, results from the impossibility of the normal traffic communication with Priština and Kosovska Mitrovica, where the Main Health Centers are located. More over, the irregular supplying with medicines, difficult transportation of patients, as well the downsizing of mean in this area, made the workers of Health center in Zubin Potok to make some changes in order to provide an adequate health protection for more than 10000 people in this area.

The urgent surgery center “Simonida” in Gra~anica was built by humanitarian organization “Doctors of the World” from Greece with donation of Ministry of Foreign affairs of Greece and Greek institute for mother and child. He started working in march 2000. Even though, it has a small capacity of 15 beds, it represent a very important part in health care for the people Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohia. During 2002. 15133 patients were examined in this hospitaly. 811 patient were hospitalized, and 98 of them were operated. Serbian doctors performed the firs surgery 11.07.2002. when the patient S.S. 46 years old was operated due to inguinal hernia on left side. In the urgent surgery center 72 (73,47%) male patients and 26 (26,53%) female patients. Were operated 64 (65,31%) adults patients and 34 (34,69%) children were operated. In this hospital 46 patients for inguinal hernia, 14 patients for acuta appendicitis, 8 for inflammation of gall, 4 for testis retency, 4 for pilonoidal sinus, 3 for higrom, and 22 patients with other diseased were operated. Total anestesy used with 68 (69,63%), spinalis with 22 (22,45%) and local with 8 (8,16%) patients. Total anestesy was used with 36 adulta patients and with 32 children patients. Considering the restricted freedom of moveing and bad security situation of people in enclaves, the urgent surgery center “Simonida” justify its egzistence making possible adequate surgery help to the suftering peoples of Central Kosovo, Sirini} region and region Kosovsko Pomoravlje.

Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR) is the most common adverse effect of blood transfusion. FNHTR is usually immune mediated due to the reaction of white cells antibodies in the recipient's plasma with the leukocytes contanied in the transfused blood components. In some patients, especially recipients transfused with platelets, cytokines are implicated in this reaction. The differential diagnosis may be difficult, especially when co-morbid disorders such as infection or malignancy, and certain treatments, may cause a similar spectrum of symptoms. In differential diagnosis, acute haemolytic transfusion reaction, bacterialy contaminated blood products and transfusion associated lung injury must be exlcuded. Repeated severe FNHTRs necessitate leucocyte depletion of blood components.

Fulminant form of acute viral hepatitis E in adult patiens, except pregnants women, is very rare. The authors describe a 50 year-old man with diagnosis of viral hepatitis E on basis of antibodies found in IgM class to hepatitis E virus using ELISAtechnique. The disease had a fulminant course wich ended in death.

A 23-year-old primigravida in 7 weeks of pregnancy with tubal pregnancy. Clinical and ultrasound examinations indicated ectopic pregnancy; emergency laparatomy was performed. Intraoperatively, the tuabal pregnancy with a ruptured hole was revealed. Typical salpingectomy was carried out. Hystology confirmed tubal pregnancy. The postope-rative cours was normal.

Until sixties of twenty centuries, it was little now abaot cancer. It was well-know than chemicals , radiation, onko viruses, can to provoke cancer.Untill seventies it was clear than cancer is not infection or inborn sicness.Than eighties discovering onko-gens (gens normal indebted for growth of cell who is mute. Understad is than cancer cell could be continue growth, and they must have onko gen ON and cancer supresor OFF. Discover so and fenomena of apoptosissuicide cell what something wrong begin.For the time of nineties thay are discover reasons of apoptosis. The main one is TP53 gen on short part of hromosoma 17, with 1179 letter. It's understand than cancer begining with muting gens what is reason of growth, continuing with muting gens what suprim growing and finish with fold of last defence muting gen TP53.In therapy of cancer is searcing for agenc who will stimulate apoptosis.Big step what genetics do on understanding cancer give us reall chance to beat cancer.

Nosocomial infectious (NI) are very big problem nowdays. The aim of this was to investigate the level of knowledge of medicial students of University Pristina about NI and to compare the knowledge level of preclinical with knowledge level of clinical students about NI. Cross-sectional study was conducte in May 2001. The instrument of survey was questionnaire with 28 questions wich were distributed to all third-year (preclinical) students and to all fifth-year (clinical) students and to all fifth-year (clinical) students at the Medical Faculty Pristina. The majority of third-year students (78,2%) and fifth-year students (91,1%) knew the definition of NI and their reservoirs (100.0%). The fifth-year students gave correct answers, statisticaly significant, more frequently (X} =4.62; df=1, p<0.05). The majority of students (89,1% of third-year and 96,4% of fifth-year students) knew that NI could be prevented, but only 14,5% of third-year and 25% of fifth-year students considered handwashing the basic measure for prevention, although there is no statisticaly significant difference between third-year students (X' =2.62; df=1, p>0.05). Around 98% students percepted the risk of NI for medical staff. Around 80% of students estimated that the aditional lectures about NI are needed during the studies. The fifth-year students more frequently showed higher level of knowledge about multidrug-resistant bacteria (X* =17.77; df=1, p<0.01).

Approximately 70% of third-year students gained knowledge about NI from sources other than lectures, but 75% of fifth-year students gained that knowledge from lectures in epydemiology. Additional information about NI, especially about univesal precution, is needen for medical students. Tt is very important to appropriately organise the studies with more practical work in prevention of NI. The emphasise should be put on health edecation in order to increase knowledge about NI, general hygienic measures encouraging handwashing and correct use proper dezinfectans in order to control the hospital environment.