In the study with experimental animals in vitro conditions, the aim of the research was to examine the effect of verapamil on the even brawniness of the isolated organ of the respiratory ways (tracheas) in guinea-pigs on acetylcholine and histamine, and in that way, to examine local mechanisms of smooth muscle system but also to exclude the rest of the neurohumoral influences. The guinea-pigs of both sexes (average weight of 500-700 gr), were used for this experiment. 10 guinea-pigs were included in the experimental research; the trachea was taken from them after the immolation. The preparations of isolated organs of trachea were divided into two groups (A and B). The previous incubation of trachea -5 isolated by verapamil (1 minute) in concentration 10 M significantly reduced the contraction caused by acetylcholine -4 (ascent 21.49±9.63, r=0.97, p<0.05). Concentration of verapamil 10 M also caused significant fall of contraction (ascent -5 21.3±12.63, r=0.95, p<0.05). Verapamil in concentration 10 M significantly reduces the response of isolated trachea cau- -6 -5 -4 sed by histamine in concentrations 10 M and 10 M (slope 21.3±10.6, r=0.96, p<0.05).Concentration of verapamil 10 M significantly reduced the contraction of smooth muscles of isolated trachea caused by histamine (slope 15.46±10.47, r= 0.94, p < 0.05).

Conducting research in the field of respiratory function, by using measuring and testing, has many purposes. First of all, it could show us how lungs function as a whole, but also, it could lead us to the exact location of a disorder. The aim of this paper is to, by employing accurate correlation of the measured variables of the flow/volume and flow/pressure curves, determine the location of the obstruction process in the tracheobronchial tree, in central-upper airways, as well as in a segment of small airways, so called 'silent zones' of the lungs, smaller than 2 mm in internal diameter. This research included 115 healthy people and 106 patients with chronic obstructive lungs disease, of both genders. The following values of the measured lungs' function parameters were found among healthy people (% of predicted value): FVC- 93%; FEV - 91,1 %; 1 FEV x 100/ FVC- 98,7%; MEF - 107,9%; MEF - 87,5%; MEF-98,9%; Rt-147,1%; ITGV-103,3%; SRt- 130,7%. 1 25%FVC 50%FVC Among the patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, the following results of the examined parameters were gained: FVC- 66,3%; FEV - 54,2%; FEV x 100/ FVC- 80,7%; MEF - 19,3%; MEF - 23,1%; MEF- 40,5%; Rt- 51,2%; 1 1 25%FVC 50%FVC ITGV- 162,1%; SRt- 36,2%. Finally, there was a certain number of the healthy examinees who showed that direct indicators of the air flow resistance (Rt, SRt) were not significantly changed, while indirect indicators of the respiratory tracts obstruction (MEF , MEF ) were reduced, comparing to the expected tabular results.

The origin of ophthalmic artery (OA) and surrounding structures was investigated in 25 cadavers by three different methods: macroscopic, stereomicroscopic, and histological observations. The following results were obtained. In 42% of the specimens the origin of the OAwas observable in the cranial cavity and defined as the intradural type, running alongside the optic nerve within the subarachnoid space. The other 58% were named the extradural type of the OA, originated within the cavernous wall or cavity, and entered directly the optic dural sheath, thus no part of the OA was visible in the cranial cavity. OApassed through the optic canal within the dural sheath of the optic nerve. In 44% of our specimens the OAwas on the inferomedial side of the optic nerve at the entrance point to the optic canal. OAleft the optic canal at its lateral border in the apex of the orbit in 72% of our specimens. For descriptive purposes the intraorbital course of the ophthalmic artery has been divided into three parts. The first part usually runs along the infero lateral aspect of the optic nerve. The second part crosses over (in 88%) or under the optic nerve running in a medial direction. The third part extends medially to its termination. These anatomical data may provide important information for understanding the variety of the pathology in this region and is also useful for designing operative strategies.

Malignant tumors of the skin (MTS) are between the most common malignant tumors at human population. Because of their similarities, and more important, their dissimilarities, it is very important to determinate histophologycal type, grading and staging, because they are the most important factors of therapy choise and prognosis. The aim of our work was to examine those parameters, and also to define sex, age and locations distribution, as well as the value of surgical treatment. We analysed biopsy material of Institute of pathology, Medical faculty Priština from 2004-2007. year. We found that squamocellular carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and malignant melanoma (MM) were more common at older persons, about 2x more common at male, little bit younger at persons with BCC and MM than SCC. The most common location was skin face; at persons with SCC and BCC significant more common than on all other skin locations. SCC was more common below, and BCC was more common on skin face above imagine line from tragus to the same side lips corner. Average size was about 1,5 cm, and macroscopic they were ulcerous, verrucous and infitrative. Invasive SCC was diagnosed in 2/3 cases in the most early stadium. In opposite MM was diagnosed in late stadium in majority cases. Moderate inflammatory infiltrate was found in most cases of all MTS. MTS was adequate removed in the most part cases.

An anonimous poll was conducted, which included pharmacists employed in state and private pharmacies from Novi Sad, Backa Palanka, Bac, Temerin and Odžaci (South Backa district). The group polled was a representative sample compared to the overall pharmacists number. The poll was conducted due to the fact that routine health statistics does not provide enough representative data on drug accessibility to patients and to try to answer how administrative limits interfere with the choice of medicaments. Obtained results suggest that the biggest problem is the lack of A list medicaments, so the patients are forced to buy medicaments in private pharmacies or even in the neighboring countries. The majority of the pharmacists polled are of the opinion that the participation in state pharmacies is low. There are no significant differences in the opinion of the pharmacists from both state and private pharmacies concerning the medicament consumption, both groups are of the opinion that we are facing excessive medicament consumption, above the real need.

Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder whose primary feature is abdominal obesity, which is associated with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and glucose tolerance disorders. The goal was, determine BMI in subjects with metabolic syndrome and people with normal body weight, take anthropometric parameters (waist and hip circumference, and calculate WHR and WSR index) to assess the average degree of nourishment and body fat distribution. The research was conducted in Gracanica Health House. The study group consisted of 130 subjects that met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. The control group consisted of 40 randomly selected subjects during medical check-ups. The study group was dominated by female with 83. 08%, followed by 16. 92% of male subjects, with the average age of subjects being 56. 32 years. The average BMI index of the study group was 32. 22 kg/m², which indicates first-degree obesity, while the average BMI index of study group subjects was 24. 67 kg/m², which is within the normal nutrition range. By comparing the average values of anthropometric parameters, we established that the study group subjects had statistically significantly higher average body weight parameters (waist-to-hip ratio p<0,001), while the control group subjects had a higher average of body height (p<0,001). In both, study and control group, male subjects had a normal WHR, which is not the case with women. Therefore, there was a statistically significantly higher number of women with pathological WHR (p<0,001) than of men in both groups. The study group had a statistically significantly higher number of subjects with pathological WHR (p<0,001). The average WSR value (waist/BH) is statistically significantly higher in the control group (p<0,001). Obese individuals had significantly higher values of measured anthropometric intraabdominal fat indicators compared to normally nourished people. 

The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors causing type 2 diabetes (DM2) and cardiovascular diseases. At the heart of this pathogenic disorder is insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is often accompanied by diseases of the gallbladder (chronic inflammations and calculosis). The goal of our study was to observe the changes made on the gallbladder with patients diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome, specifically the presence of calculosis and cholecystitis. The study involved 130 patients with the metabolic syndrome and 40 healthy subjects, all of which were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography. Gallbladder calculosis was found in 36,92% subjects of the study group and 12,50% subjects of the control group, resulting in a statistically considerable difference (p<0,001). The results of our study indicate a significant presence of biliary calculosis as one of the manifestations of the metabolic syndrome on the biliary system.

Theoretical principle of computerized tomography was set by Czech mathematician J. Radon in 1917.The development of computerized tomography is connected with the name of A.M Cormack who, in 1963, started with the research directed at X-ray beam intensity measurement after passing through certain substance.First computerized tomography appartus was installed in Atkinson-Morley hospital in October in 1971 in London. Computerized tomography is based on making transverse(axial) cross-section of body parts,by X-ray beam passing through visible body part and by measurement of X-ray absorption degree using detectors. A cross-section picture of certain body part is obtained on a monitor as a final result of CT examination. A system of picture digitalisation and application of grey scale concept is particularly complex. Basic elements of CT are gentry, patient's bed, high-voltage generator, working and computer console, system for transferring picture on a film or other electronic media. Densimetric tissue values can be measured on the obtained CT picture. A change can be isodense, hypodense or hyperdense. Density change is expressed in Hounsfield units. Contrasting remedies can be applied, during CT, intracanalicular or intravenous. A better quality survey of changes increasing tissue density is obtained using them. CT application is indicated in diseases such as:neurocranium, visceral cranium, spinal column, thorax, abdomen, skeletal, joint and muscular system. X-ray side effects and precaution risks are being described in the text.

Leptin was discovered in 1994, finding, that marked the beginning of a new understanding about white adipose tissue. Up to end of 20th century this tissue was viewed as an inert tissue, devoted to body protection from heat loss and to passively store energy. This static vision, changed with identification of the product of the gene obese (ob) wich accentuated the role of adipose tissue in the physiopathology of obesity-linked diseases, and led to the discovery of various adipokines, many of a pro-inflammatory nature. With emerged knowledge of (WAT)-derived adipokines, it is obvious that they can be now considered as the bond between obesity-related environmental causes, such as nutrition and lifestyle, and the biochemical shifts that lead to metabolic syndrome, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions, and rheumatic diseases. This paper deals with reviews of recent adipokine research, with particular emphasis to the role of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin in chondrocyte function and skeleton, as well as in inflammatory and degenerative cartilage joint diseases.

Bronchial asthma is the syndrome, characterized with chronic inflammation, hyperreactivity and obstruction of the respiratory pathways, accompanied with consequential symptoms and remodeling of the respiratory pathways. Application of inhaled corticosteroids accompanied with appropriate education of patients, significantly improve therapeutic treatment and outcome of the asthma. But, improvement of the lung function and patients subjective state is remarkable better yif inhaled corticosteroids are combined with adrenergic â2 agonists, than if the dose of inhaled corticosteroids is increased. So, according to Global initiative for asthma and clinical results long acting adrenergic â2 agonists in combination with inhaled corticosteroids are most efficient in asthma treatment and establishment and conservation of bronchial asthma control.