The increased protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is among most prominent biochemical parameter of intensified passage of macromolecules through blood-brain barrier. It is often found in cases of meningeal inflammation, neurodegeneration, neoplastic and traumatic processes developed on brain or spinal cord structures. Protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid is often determined, but determination of albumin concentrations as well as mathematical models utilizing albumin are more reflective to the pathologic processes on the brain and spinal cord. Our study was limited to the determination of referent values for our laboratory for cerebrospinal fluid albumin concentrations, albumin quotient, as well as albumin transudat and exudat in the function of the age of probands. The results of the study show great agreement with previously published data.

Vulva can easily be examined, therefore it could be expected that any changes that may emerge at it would be easy
to notice and treat quickly and efficiently. Despite that, the incidence of pre-malignant and malignant changes is increasing.
Many risk factors connected to the emerging of these changes have been discovered, but many explanations have become
available only when the theory of the participation of HPVin oncogenesis has been set. The goal of the study is to identify all
the pathological changes at vulva - benignant, pre-malignant and malignant, according to the age of the patients, and
therefore, both biopsy and operational material collected from 1331 patients treated at GAK “Narodni Front” Belgrade, has been used. There have been 46 diagnoses of benignant changes, of which 20 (43,48%) had been diagnosed as condylomata acuminata, a change including a HPV infection. Most of these changes have occurred at patients aged 31-40. In 17 cases of pre-malignant changes, VIN I has occurred in 2 cases (11,76%), and VIN II and VIN III as more serious pre-malignant lesions were noticed in 8 samples. In 7 cases (41,18%), VIN III was discovered to be moving into a starting invasion phase. It can be concluded that VIN is most often at patients aged over 60. Malignant vulva tumors occurred in 14 cases, 13 of those where diagnosed as invading planocellular carcinoma, and one of them was metastatic. Vulva carcinomas seem to occur most often at patients aged over 60.

Probiotics help to provde optimum balance in the intestines probiotics species competitive blocks toxics substances and growth of unwanted species in their struggle for space and food. Lactogyn is the first oral probiotics wich protects vaginal flora. The most researced probiotic is the Lactobacillus rhamnosssus. The goal of this study is to exam influence of probiotics to cytological smear test including: reliability for easier detection of atypical cells; false positive and false negative test; faster cytodiagnostic; incidence of invasive diagnostic procedures and incidence of intraepithelial and invasive changes of the lower genital tract. This study involved two groups of patient: the first one included 50 patients who has been taken specific probiotic therapy after taking cytological cervical smear test. The second one included 50 patients who has taken specific probiotic therapy before taking cytological cervical smear test. In the second group we discovered: statistically lover number od invasive diagnostic and therapeutic methods and statistically higher number of patients without invasive methods. It was statistical higher incidence of cytological smears with inflammations and ASCUS (atypical squamous cells undetermined significance) in the second group of patients. Lactogyn treatment with other medicament therapy provides: faster and better cytological diagnostic, decreases the number of cytological tests and invasive diagnostics methods per women, decreases the number of false positive and false negative tests and the percent of unsatisfactory tests and borderline satisfactory tests

Women in the age of 70 years admitted to the hospital in severe condition, 4 months after transvaginal hysterectomy. Physical examinaton revealed small bowel loops passing through the anus into the auter spaces. Previous surgery was as follows: Hysterctomia totalis vaginalis, conservatio adnexorum bill, colpoperineoplastica cum myorraphiam mm. levatores any, vaginopexia sacrospinalis sec. Nichols pp. prolapsus utery totalis am. n 4. On that occasion the anterior wall of rectosygmoid colon was damageden size 70x50 mm by that time. The lesions was neither noted nor repaired during. Postoperativne course was uneventful. After 4 mounths, during phisical strain patient felt sudden pain in abdomen, need for passing the bowels, noting the passage of the intestines through the annal appertura immediate reoperation was undertaken. Through medial infraumbilical approad small intestine was mannualy repositioned the lesion of the large intestine was managed by primary suttures Vicryl 000. Drainage of peritoneum performed. Postoperative course un univentful. Intestinal function restored. Wound healed correctly, per primam.

Alkaptonuria is one of 4 disorders originally defined as an inborn error of metabolism. The hallmark of the disease is passage of urine that becomes black when left standing. There is a familial pattern of inheritance. The defect lies in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine. The product, homogentisic acid, in deficiency of the hepatic enzyme homogentisate 1,2- dioxygenase (HGO) accumulates in the blood, but is rapidly cleared in the kidney and excreted. Upon contact with air, homogentisic acid is oxidized to form a pigmentlike polymeric material responsible for the black color of standing urine. Although homogentisic acid blood levels are kept very low through rapid kidney clearance, over time homogentisic acid is deposited in cartilage throughout the body and is converted to the pigmentlike polymer through an enzyme-mediated reaction that occurs chiefly in collagenous tissues. As the polymer accumulates within cartilage, a process that takes many years, the normally transparent tissues become slate blue, an effect ordinarily not seen until adulthood. The earliest sign of the disorder is the tendency for diapers to stain black.. but in most cases desease is hardly diagnosed before the fourth decade of life, external signs of pigment deposition, called ochronosis, begin to appear. The slate blue, gray, or black discoloration of sclerae and ear cartilage is indicative of widespread staining of the body tissues, particularly cartilage. The hips, knees, and intervertebral joints are affected most commonly and show clinical symptoms resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Because of calcifications that occur in these sites, however, the radiologic picture is more consistent with osteoarthritis.

In neurophysiology the concept of lateralization of brain hemisphere functions is related to the existence of differences in their functioning. The aim of the research was to determine for the right-handed females whether there is a connection between the degree of lateralization of brain hemispheres and the variables of cognitive potential P300 (latency and amplitude). In 30 study participated 70 girls, age 20-23 years. In the first group where 29 strong expressed right-hand girls, in the second group 30 moderately expressed right hand girls, and in the third group 11 right-hand learned girls. The reserch workers were using the "oddball" paradigm with two tones: "standard" (90dB 1000Hz) and "expected-target" (90dB 2000Hz) for the registration of the P300 potential. The tones were binauraly presented in irregular intervals and irregular order. P300 evoked potentials were registered above Fz and Cz area. Results showed the cognitive P300 wave latency to be significantly shorter when responding with dominant hand in first group. P300 wave latency in girls from second group was a shorter with engagement of the right hand. Cognitive P300 potentials above the FZ and Cz regions àt the first group have a significantly shorter latency compared to the average latency of potentials registered in girls from second group. Cognitive P300 amplitude waves are higher above central regions independently of the hand used.

The nature of herpes simplex virus as infective agens, which can grow in number, only in live cells, and fact that many herpes virus infections of oral tissue have atypic and asymptomatic course, makes their diagnosis more difficult and complicate from infections caused by other microorganisms. The aim of this investigation were to established cytological findings oral lesions of primary and recurrent herpes infections.

In 2008. 1402 children of 1st,3rd,5th and 7th grade of 18 elementary schools in Serbian enclave of Kosovo Pomoravlje, were examined. This are villages of municipality of Gnjilane, Vitina, Novo Brdo and Kosovska Kamenica. I general 2816 children attend the elementary school. 932 of all examined children had a deformity, every ten had kyphosis, and every 8-10 had scoliosis. Every 5th child of 1st grade and every 6th child of 3rd grade had anemia. Some kind of flat-footed (pedes pllani) had every fifth to every third child. Only every tenth child was fat. 

Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancer. The annual rates of all forms of skin cancer are increasing each year, representing a growing public health problem. The two most common form of skin cancer are basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, well known as nonmelanoma skin cancer. Treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer depends on the type and location of the skin cancer as well as the age and general health of the patient. Surgical excision is the most common metod in the treatment of basal and squamous cell carcinoma. One of disadvantages of simple surgical excision is incomplete margin control. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the influence of the size of the tumor and intraoperative surgical margin on the rate of complete excisions of skin cancer. A total of 64 basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas were excised and analyzed. Data pertaining to patient age, sex, lesion size and margin of excision were collected prospectively. After excision, all tumors specimens were histopathology confirmed completeness/ incompleteness of tumor excision. Tumor size ranged from 5mm to 36mm. Surgical margins were used in the range of 5-12mm. Skvamocelularni carcinomas were incompletely removed in 4.2%, and basal cell carcinomas in 10% of cases within the histopathological groups. Basal cell carcinomas: surgical margin of 5 mm radically removed 83.3% (up to 1cm); 8mm margin- 86.7% (1-2cm): and 10mm 100% (over 3cm). Squamous cell carcinomas: 10mm surgical margin removed 100% tumors up to 3cm.

A characteristic hemodynamic pattern has observed in patients with right ventricular infarction, with frequently accompanies inferior left ventricular infarction or rarely occurs in isolated form. The electrocardiogram may provide the first clue that right ventricular involvement is present in the patient with inferior wall myocardial infarction. Most patients with right ventricular infarction have ST- segment elevation in lead V4R (right precordial lead in V4 position). ST segment elevation of 0,1mV or more in anyone or in combination of leads V4R, V5R, and V6R in patients with the clinical picture of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of right ventricular MI.