Class II malocclusion are complex anomalies of the skeletal and dental systems. The aim of this study is that the rengenkefalometrics analysis closer determine the morphological characteristics of this malocclusion. For this study were used 30 patients aged 18-30, previously clinically diagnosed class II, before the planned orthodontic treatment. The results analisis lateral cephalometric radiographs were compared with the 30 patients with class I malocclusion. Analyzed three linear and two angular cranial base dimensions and nine angular and four linear measures from the facial skeleton. The Results show: No statistically significant differensis in cranial base angle (SNBa) and anterior cranial base length (S–N) between class II and control Class I. Angle maxillar prognathism ( SNA) is no signifikant different between class I and Class II but SNB angle were signifikant smaller. The length of maxillary base (A`-SnP) is longer and the length of mandibule (Pg`-MT1/MT) is signifficantly smaller. The gonial angle (ArGo–Me) was smaller with open articular angle (GoArSN). Morphological characteristics of class II malocclusion are , retrognathic and smaller mandibular ligth, normognathic and longer maxilla, open articular angle with vertical tendency of the craniofacial growth pattern.

Hronični B virusni hepatitis (HHB) i dalje predstavlja veliki zdravstveni svetski problem uprkos obaveznoj i univerzalnoj imunizaciji protiv infekcije hepatitis B virusom (HBV). Kod određenog broja bolesnika hronična hepatitis B virusna infekcija u prirodnom toku bolesti progredira ka cirozi i hepatocelularnom karcionomu te je primarni cilj antivirusne terapije HHB zaustavljanje progresije bolesti. Danas na tržištu postoje dve grupe lekova za lečenje HHB: a)imunomodulatorna terapija konvencionalim interferonom alfa (INF) i pegilovanim interferonom alfa 2 a ( PEG-INF), b) peroralna antivirusna terapija analozima nukleot(z)ida. Lamivudin je dugo bio jedini medikament na našem tržištu za lečenje HBV te je kod većine naših pacijenata došlo do razvoja rezistencije. Od pre dve godine, na tržištu Srbije se registruje novi oralni analog iz grupe nukleotida : tenofovir disoproksil fumarat (TDF). U radu smo analizirali 69 bolesnika sa hroničnim hepatitisom B lečenih u Klinici za Infektivne i tropske bolesti KCS Beograd u periodu od 2012 do 2014 godine. Svi bolesnici uključeni u ovo istraživanje prethodno su bili lečeni LAM, a nakon razvoja rezistencije na LAM, primenjivan je TDF. TDF je pokazao odličnu efikasnost, visoku barijeru za rezistenciju i vrlo malo neželjenih efekata u višegodišnjoj primeni. Naša iskustva sa primenom ovog leka nisu dugotrajna imajući u vidu njegovu krakotrajnu dostupnost na našem tržištu.

Collagen is a major constituent of the gingival extracellular matrix, which crucially affects the histoarchitecture of the gingival tissue. Collagen type I dominates the gingival tissue, while type II, III and IV are present to a lesser extent. Changes in distribution and density occur in the inflamed gingiva. The aim of the study was to examine the organization and density of the collagen in healthy and inflamed gingiva. The material for the study consisted of the gingival biopsies performed in 96 patients aged from 13 to 70 years. The gingival specimens were classified into 4 groups: healthy gingiva, gingivitis, moderate periodontal disease and severe periodontal disease. The samples of the gingival tissues were stained by the method of Van Gieson’s Stain, while the VD of the collagen was measured bz the use of multipurpose testing system M42. In healthy gingival collagen are thick and receptive to color. In gingivitis collagen is mostly preserved structure, but reduced volume; in the periodontitis collagen bundles are reduced, short, thin, disorganized, often fragmented and less susceptibility to color. In healthy gingiva collagen fibers occupy 58.6 ± 5.1% of the volume of lamina propria; in gingivitis significantly lower (44.2 ± 6.2%); in moderate periodontitis 32.7 ± 8.5% and in the progressed periodontitis only 28.7 ± 9.7%. Based on our results, we concluded that in periodontal disease occurs collagenolysis. Quantitative evaluation of gingival collagen volume density may reflect the clinical severity of periodontal disease.

Aging of population leads to limitations in functional abilities and in activities of daily living (ADL) which are the essential elements of independent care of oneself. Limitations in performing these activities result in increasing need for assistance and institutionalizing of the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fear of movement, or kinesiophobia, on ADL in elder institutionalized people with chronic pain. The research included 60 individuals older than 65 suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain, institutionalized in Gerontoloski Centar Nis. The participants` fear of movement was assesed by Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, performing ADL was assesed by Katz index and pain intensity was evaluated by Numerical Rating Scale. We found that a large number of participants had high degree of kinesiophobia (63%), as well as that there is statistically significant negative correlation between the values of Katz index and Tampa Scale (r=-0.583, p<0.01). There is no statistically significant negative correlation between the values of Numerical Rating Scale and Katz index (r=0.139, p<0.289). There is no statistically significant positive correlation between the values of Numerical Rating Scale and Tampa Scale (r=0.215, p=0.098). The research showed that kinesiophobia has influence on ADL in elder institutionalized people with chronic pain. Higher degree of fear of movement corresponds to greater dependence of the participants in performing ADL. Pain intensity influenced neither the fear of movement nor the dependence/independence in performing ADL.

Patient fear from dental intervention is the most common cause of permanent disposal of the visits to the dentist by the patient , and there arise some magic circle in which symptoms of disease becomes more intensive , which proportionally increase the already present fear and further delay the visits to the dentist . The ultimate outcome is compromised oral health with early loss of teeth and chewing function , speech , etc. The aim of work is to determine the frequency of fear from dental intervention , occurrence of pain during certain phases of tooth extraction , its intensity , and justified fear of the patient from the most common oral surgery . The study includes 96 patients , aged 16-45 years , of whom 55 were male and 41 were female . For the assessment of fear of dental intervention was used Korah modified anxiety scale consisted of four questions ,in which every question has an answer and they are scored on a five point Likert scale . To determine the prevalence of pain in various stages of extraction there was used interview about the pain made up of three questions , and the sample consisted of patients divided by Kore scale into high and very high anxiety person. People who have positively responded to the questionnaire, the pain was further determined with visual analogue scale. For statistical analysis we used hi square test at a significance of level p<0,05. Modified Kore scale in a group of very highly anxious individuals were classified as 8 (7.68%), highly anxious individuals 15 (14.4%), moderately anxious individuals 31 (29.76%)and in the group of people without anxiety 42 patients (40, 32%).From a total of 23 patients identified as high and very high anxiety , only three (14%) felt the pain during the observation and characterized as a mild by using visual analogue scale as mild. By using Hi-square test (p<0,05) there were significant differences in responses( x²=12,6>5,92) . Five patients (22,74%) felt the pain during anesthesia where was found statistically significant differences in responses (X ²=7.34> 5.91) . Two patients (8.7%) registered the pain during tooth extraction and all the pain was characterized as mild to moderate. There was no statistically significant difference using the Hi square in the responses (x²=15,69>5,91 za p<0,05). The frequency of dental anxiety in our sample was very high in comparison with similar studies in the west of Europe, and the possible cause among other things, can be considered as a lower level of education of the population on which we must work. The emergence of real pain in high and very high anxiety patients during tooth extraction is very small, which indicate the unjustified fear of this type of intervention .

Introduction: In over of 99% cases of cervical cancer its appearing is preceded by persistent cervical epithelium infection caused by high-risk oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The aim of the study was to examine the distribution of high-risk oncogenic HPV types compared to patohistological diagnoses of cervical diseases in women. Materials and methods: The study included 56 women with suspected premalignant and malignant cervical lesions, due to suspected colposcopic and cytological findings (Papanicolaou test). The HPV typing by "in situ" hybridization method on high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 31 and 33 was performed in all patients from cervical smear as well as cervical biopsy. Histological findings of cervical biopsy was a "gold standard" in the analysis of materials. Results: Histologically detected premalignant or malignant changes of the cervix were found at 34 (60.7%) of all 56 examined women: 17 of them had LSIL, 13 of them had HSIL, while 4 had squamous cell carcinoma. A positive HPV test had a 47 (84%) of them with a prove of the presence of one or more types of HPV. The most common type of virus was HPV 16 and it was detected in 27 (48.2%) women, followed by HPV 31 that was detected in 26 (46.4%) women, HPV 18 in 18 (32.1%) of women and HPV 33 in 4 (7.1%) women. The infection caused by oncogenic type HPV16 was significantly more frequent in patients with HSIL and cervical cancer (p<0,001), while the infection caused by oncogenic type HPV 31 was significantly more frequent in patients with LSIL and cervicitis (p=0,003). The distribution of HPV 18 and HPV 33 types was not statistically significantly different in patients with different histological findings (HPV 18, p = 0.41; HPV 33, p = 1.0). Conclusion: Based on our results we can conclude that there is a good correlation of HPV infection with pre-malignant cervical lesions and cervical cancer. The incidence of HPV type 16 infection increased with severity of cervical lesions and it is usually detected high-risk oncogenic type virus in women with severe cervical lesions type like HSIL and cancer are. HPV 31 is the most common high-risk type of HPV of mild type lesions, like LSIL and cervicitis are. We believe that women infected by high-risk oncogenic HPV types, although without histologically diagnose of cervical lesion, should be more frequent controle by colposcopy and cytology (Papanicolaou) test, because of possible disease progression to a more advanced level.

Introduction: In adults the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis is primarily based on clinical and laboratory-biochemical testing. In patients where the clinical picture atypical, even if a person does not respond to therapy resorts to radiographic examination. Echotomographic examination is unavoidable in the diagnostic algorithm. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the individual echotomographic parameters, as well as to determine their diagnostic power in patients with acute infections (pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis), and comparing them with the appropriate reference tests. Materials and methods: We performed a cross sectional study in the period from October 2014. until May 2015. It included 50 patients with acute inflammation of the kidney which was made echotomographic examination of the abdomen and pelvis, within the Department of Radiological Diagnostics KBC "Dragisa Mišović-Dedinje" in Belgrade. The echotomographic examination of the kidneys included testing of numerous parameters that could indicate the existence of an acute inflammation of the kidney. For the gold standard, we take the findings obtained by CT (computed tomography) imaging of the abdomen and pelvis, as well as histopathological findings obtained by fine needle bio-psy. Results: At 50 patients with acute inflammation of the upper urinary tract, 41 patients (82%) had acute pyelonephritis, and 9 (18%) had acute glomerulonephritis. In 70% of patients with acute pyelonephritis (29 people) were present enlargement of the kidney where the test sensitivity was 79.3% and specificity of 91.7%. The accuracy of the method was 82.9% when the monitored parameters: loss of central echo complex and cortico-medullary differentiation. The sensitivity of the test in which the observed thickening of the pelvic and ureteric wall was 65% and specificity of 90%. The analysis of the presence of calculus in renal parenchyma leads to the values of sensitivity test of 54.8% and specificity of 80%. Hypoechoic focus in the renal parenchyma, enlargement of the kidneys and loss corticomedullar limits are parameters who with great sensitivity and specificity suggest acute glomerulonephritis. Conclusion: On the basis of high values of sensitivity and specificity of the test survey estimates that ultrasound has a required place in the following diagnostics algorithm. The use of echotomography that offer the possibility of high resolutive views, as well as the wide availability and good reproducibility of the method, the low cost of inspection, in favor of the first exploration ultrasound examination. Multidetector CT scan and fine needle biopsy remains the method of choice for the definitive diagnosis.

U dijagnostičkom algoritmu, ehotomografija nije metoda izbora, u otkrivanju maligniteta debelog creva. Međutim u praksi, sa nejasnim kliničkim simptomima i bez hemokult testa, ehotomografija je često prvi korak u dijagnostici. Naša iskustva ukazuju da ehotomografija kao prva dijagnostička metoda daje dobre rezultate u otkrivanju tumorske izmenjenosti debelog creva. Cilj istraživanja je bio da procenimo ulogu ehotomografije, kao prve dijagnostičke metode, u otkrivanju tumora debelog creva. Tokom prethodnih 6 meseci, u Službi za radiološku dijagnostiku KBC “Dr Dragiša Mišović“, u 14 pacijenta otkriveni su tumori debelog creva. U 11 pacijenata ehotomografija je bila prvi primenjeni dijagnostički metod. Kod svih pacijenata učinjen je hemokult test, CT abdomena i male karlice kao i endoskopski pregled sa biopsijom. Histopatološki nalaz odgovarao je adenokarcinomu. Ultrazvučna dijagnostika obavljana je na aparatu marke Toshiba. Ehotomografski je u 11 od 14 pacijenata uočeno zadebljanje zida kolona, sa suspektnim znacima infiltracija zida. Solidne mase, hipo-heteroehogenog izgleda uočene su u 11 pacijenata, nejasan oblik lumena creva u 9 pacijenta, nazubljene ivice suspektnog infiltrata u 6 pacijenta, zarobljen vazduh u tumorskoj (pseudotumorskoj) masi u 6 pacijenta, patološki izmenjeni regionalni limfni nodusi uočeni su u 3 pacijenta, a prisustvo distalnog rasejanja bolesti, u vidu sekundarnih depozita u jetri u 4 pacijenta. Tumorska masa veća od 5 cm uočena je u 8 pacijenta. Senzitivnost izvršene ehotomografske dijagnostike iznosila je 78,6%, specifičnost 83,3%, pozitivna prediktivna vrednost 68,7%, negativna prediktivna vrednost 89,3%, dok je tačnost izvršene dijagnostike iznosila 81,8%. Ehotomografija, kao prvi dijagnostički korak, daje doprinos u postavljanju konačne dijagnoze. To je od značaja u proceni dijagnostičnog i terapijskog kostbenefita, uz kraću dijagnostičku obradu, što vodi ka endoskopskom pregledu, ali i u kliničkoj proceni proširenosti osnovne bolesti, imajući u vidu neravnomernu i nedovoljnu dostupnost CT pregleda u našim uslovima.

Main point of prevention of tuberculosis is the existence of basic knowledge about risc factors (smoking habit, alchohol abuse) which contribute to apperance of tuberculosis and influence to therapy. In order to assess the influence of potential risc factors a crossanalysis was made for the years 2002-2004, 2007-2009 and 2012-2014 . During the period of 12 years, 230 cases of TB were included in the study. The mean age of all subjects was 45.81±16.98. There were (61.7–73.2%) males and this observation is supported by reENGLISH 2014; 43 (3) 23-29 29 ORIGINALNI RADOVI ports that males had signitificantly higher risc for more severe lung destruction (69.2-84.6%), as evidenced by bilateral lung cavitation (86.1-100%) than females. In total 45.6–76.7% were smear-positive. Alcohol use disorders increased (11.8–29.4%; p=0.02) as a smoking habit (44.1–47.1%). In cases with severe lung destruction as a lung cavitation incrised cigarette smoking (46.6–60.0%) and alcoholism (19.4–50.0%; p=0.007). Linear regression analysis confirmed a statistically significant correlation between severe form of TB and smoking habit (>20 cigarettes per day, p=0.04) and alcohol use disorders (p=0.004). Successful control in reducing smoking, alcohol use disorders and, could favorably impact the TB morbidity rate.