The most important characteristic of calcium channels is selective regulation of slow incoming stream of calcium into the cell tissue providing the slow increasement of action potential. Such tissues include smooth muscles of blood vessels, cardiocytes and heart noduses (AV and SA node). Different calcuim antagonists have different effects on previous tissues due to their different chemical formula. Verapamile, Nifedipin and Diltiazem are the most frequently used of all. Their commonest characteristic is blocking the calcium channels causing vasodilatation of blood vessels as well as negative inotropic and chronotropic influence. By blocking the incoming calcium through slow channels of myofibrils of smooth muscles, the antagonists of calcium decrease the quantity of available calcium for contraction which causes vasodilatation. The most famous and most frequently used calcium antagonist is Verapamile. In terms of electrophysiology, Verapamile inhibits action potentials of heart noduses, especially the AV node, where the slow incoming of calcium is the most important for depolarization. Prolongation of the efective refractory period of SA node causes the heart frequency decreasement while prolongation of the effective refractory period of AV node slows down the work of chambers in case of flater and fibrillation of atriums. The molecules of calcium-bonding protein called kalmodulin are located in synaptic endings. Each kalmodulin can bond four calcium ions providing transfer into active calcium-kalmodulin complex which activates the kinase protein. Activated kinase protein starts the exocytosis of neurotransmitters into synaptic gap. Apart from activating kinase protein, calciumkalmodulin complex also starts the activity of calcium pump presynaptic membrane which pumps calcium out of presynaptic ending stopping the further exocytosis of neurotransmitters into synaptic gap. Taking into consideration the fact that opening the calcium channels on membrane of presynaptic ending is necessary to free the neurotransmitter out of the vesicle, the aim of our work is to study whether Verapamile has effects on the membrane of presynaptic endings of sympathetic nervous system checking the level of catecholamine in serum. The experiment was conducted in 6 healthy dogs which were, after 10-minute- infusion (0.9% NaCl), treated with intravenous bolus veramapile injections in three occasions, in every 5 minutes, until the first signs of intoxication had appeared. This caused bradycardia, heart rhythm disorder and blood pressure drop. In order to determine the level of catecholamine, blood was taken sequentially, in every 5 minutes, before the new dose of verapamile was given. Verapamile (given intravenous) significantly decreases the concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the serum of dogs.

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the causative agents from the groups of TORCH infections, which are commonly associated with congenital anomalies. Objective: Defining risk factors for infection byToxoplasma gondii of women in reproductive ages in the territory of Kosovska Mitrovica, as well as determination of seroprevalence of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in prenatal screening of pregnant women and women of childbearing age. Materials and Methods: Across sectional study that included 49, pregnant women and women of childbearing age has been conducted. The pregnant women have been monitored on regularly base, or some women have been treated in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of the Health Center in Kosovska Mitrovica. Ages, place of residence, education, gynecological history and exposure to the potential risk factors associated with Toxoplasma have been collected by questionnaires. Sera have been tested on the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondi by ELISA standard manufacturer's protocol (Euroimmun, Luebeck, Germany). Results: Our study shows that 32 (65.3%) women were seronegative, while 17 women (34.7%) were seropositive. Significant seropositivity has been recorded for the women who were in contact with the ground (42.9%), compared to the women who did not have this contact (23.8%). Uses of undercooked meat in the diet did not show any effect to the seropositive status of the respondents, i.e. greater percentage of analyzed patients (75.5%) used inadequately cooked meat. Even 93.3% of respondents deny contact with a cat. It is observed that seropositivity increased with the age. Conclusion: Seroprevalence to Toxoplasma gondii infection of women of childbearing in the territory of northern Kosovska Mitrovica is not high, which implied that there is a higher possibility for acquiring primary toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy especially for women who come in contact with the ground

Determination of direction of car impact on pedestrian is complex interdisciplinary biomechanical analysis, which sintetize the work of legal medicine and traffic engineering professions. Injury characteristics depends on constitution and position of pedestrian, and type of passenger car. There are different mechanisms of injury arising from sum of effect of complex mechanical forces, from motion and impact on human body. Results are showing that new generation car, with aerodinamic wedge front, favorize occurrence of hyperextensive injuries, while speed presents dominant factor of intensity of injuries. In modern traffic conditions, we found multiple reduction of number of deaths of pedestrians in road traffic accidents.

Introduction: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures represent a paroxysmal event followed by a sudden change of behavior, cognition or consciousness, mostly of short duration, which resemble or can be understood as epileptic seizures. They occur in persons without epilepsy and in patients with epilepsy. They are not associated with abnormal EEG discharges because their cause is a psychic disorder. Case report: A 20-year-old patient has been suffering of occasional “morning short-lasting jerking hand movements, staring and fainting” since the age of 14 years. Beside a symptomatic anamnesis for epilepsy and non-specifically changed standard EEG, antiepileptic therapy (valproate and lamotrigine) was introduced. Because of non-response to antiepileptic therapy, the patient was forwarded for further clinical examination involving video EEG telemetry, which indicated that this was a case of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. A successive withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs was initiated, and also, a psychologist and psychiatrist were included into treatment, which resulted in the reduction of seizures and improvement of the patient's general condition. Conclusion: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures represent a frequent diagnostic problem requiring team's work, while the video EEG telemetry is the method of choice for diagnosis.

The mos Tooth whitening is a procedure that removes stains and various discolorations of tooth surface. Discoloration of teeth may be endogenous and exogenous nature. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bleaching combined with daily use of drinks that cause tooth discoloration. Evaluated the changes in surface structure of enamel, and changes in hardness after bleaching. Were 20 extracted teeth. The teeth are marked with longitudinal lines halves (medial vestibular and distal surfaces). Tretitana mesial half of the 16% carbamide peroxide, a distal was left as control. NDT device HL400DL, duroskopskom method of enamel hardness was measured before treatment, after treatment and after remineralization. Olympus inverted microscope GX41 enamel structures were observed in the treated and control half of the tooth. After bleaching there is a difference compared to the untreated surface, that surface is bleached a few shades lighter, but after the use of coffee and soft drinks teeth back to the original dark color. Enamel microhardness after the treatment is somewhat small but not significant. With a magnification of 2000x and see the structural changes in enamel. Tooth whitening, but that the remineralization and the abstinence from prebojenih beverages and tobacco.

Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is used in food and pharmaceutical technologies as officinal drugs and natural laxative. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of toluene and methanol Senna extracts on the viability and proliferation of HeLa cells. The senna leaves were extracted in Soxhlet's extractor and obtained toluene and methanolic extracts were used for determination of effects on viability and proliferation. Cytotoxic effect of different concentrations (0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% and 0.0001%) extracts was investigated in HeLa cells in vitro. MTT test showed significant cytotoxic activity for toluene extract, especially the concentration of 0.1%, while the tested concentrations metanolic extract did not show cytotoxic activity.

Trachoma is keratoconjunctivitis caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Endemic trachoma is caused by serovars A, B, Ba and C. Trachoma is probably the third most common cause of blindness worldwide, after cataracta and glaucoma. Active trachoma affects an estimated 84 million people; another 7.6 million have end-stage disease, of which about 1.3 million are blind. Most trachoma programmes use the WHO simplified grading system, by presence or absence of five clinical signs. The World Health Organization is leading a global effort to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020, through the implementation of the SAFE strategy. This involves surgery for trichiasis (S-surgery), antibiotics for infection (A-antibiotic), facial cleanliness (F-face) and environmental improvements to reduce transmission of the organism (Eeducation). Tratment for trachoma includes local and systemic administration of appropriate antibiotics. Surgical correction of trachomatous trichiasis reduces the risk of progressive corneal opacification and blindness.

Introduction: Non-carious tooth substances loss pose a major health problem of a modern man. The literature often collectively describes all non-carious lesions and is therefore difficult to compare results obtained by different authors. Chemical factors are one of the predisposing factors responsible for the formation of wedge-shaped erosions. Aim: Examination of chemical risk factors as one of the predisposing causes responsible for the formation of wedge-shaped lesions. Method: We examined 62 patients with wedge-shaped erosions (mean age 45.52 ± 12.03 years, 58.1% of men) and 60 patients without erosions in the control group (mean age 34.40 ± 9.28 years, 60% men) . The entire examination was completed by using a questionnaire at the Dental Clinic of the University of Pristina - Kosovska Mitrovica. salivary pH was measured by the pH meter. Results: The results show that the wedge-shaped lesions often occur equally in both men and women. Considerably often it might appear in older people but can also occur in teenagers. Patients with wedge-shaped erosion have increased acidity of saliva, a heightened sense of acid in the mouth and consume a lot more carbonated drinks compared to patients without erosions. Conclusion: Wedge-shaped lesions are more common in people older than 40 years. Taking into account the results obtained in this study it can be concluded that the chemical risk factors truly fall within the predisposing factors that may be responsible for the creation of wedge-shaped erosions.

Introduction:Istraživanja pokazuju da svako realizovano samoubistvo prati od 8 do 25 neuspelih pokušaja. Osobe koje su pokušale samoubistvo samotrovanjem najčešće navode da su bile preplavljene osećanjima i mislima koje su im bile nepodnošljive. Želele su da pobegnu iz, za njih u tom trenutku, nepodnošljive situacije, ili su izgubili kontrolu nad sobom. Kod osoba koje su pokušale samoubistvo, trovanje lekovima, želja da zaista umru, da nestanu, javlja se retko. Češće je prisutna potreba da „samo“ odspavaju, odmore se, naprave pauzu. Cilj rada: identifikovati najčešći način pokušaja samoubistva kod oba pola ispitanika i sredstva koja su upotrebljena u cilju izvršenja samoubistva. U našem istraživanju najčešći način pokušaja samoubistva kod oba pola je trovanje lekovima - 91,1%, sečenje vena - 5,4%, skok sa visine – 3,6% ispitanika. Najčešće korišćeni lekovi su anksiolitici - 55,4%, kombinacije različitih lekova - 25,0%, antidepresivi - 8,9% , neuroleptici - 7,1%, lekovi i alkohol - 3,6%. Zaključak: najzastupljeniji način pokušaja samoubistva kod oba pola ispitanika je trovanje lekovima. Od lekova u najvećem procentu korišćeni su anksiolitici a u najmanjem procentu kombinacija alkohola i lekova. Nakon pokušaja samoubistva 90% ispitanika su osećali olakšanje što im pokušaj samoubistva nije uspeo.Kod 86% ispitanika na izbor sredstva u cilju samoubistva uticala je laka dostupnost lekova. Kod 3% ispitanika je bio ponovljeni pokušaj samoubistva i to na isti način, trovanje lekovima.

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical disease in the pathology of the population. Incidence in the general population is 6%. In the period from 15.01.2002 to 08.16.2014 as any 627 appendix which je12,4% of the 5055 total patients. Prevalent patients males 55.5% compared to 44.5% female. According to the age of the children present in 393 (68.47%) and 181 adults (31.53%). The greatest incidence is in children aged age group of 15-20 years, 131 (23.06%). In the adult group the highest incidence is represented in the third decade of 21-30 years, with 77 (13.4%). The most common disease of acute appendicitis is in the second decade of the 258 cases (44.9%). Intraoperative pathomorphologically highest incidence wearing Appendicitis phlegmonosa with 317 (52.1%). Peritonitis acuta is the most common complication of severe forms of appendicitis acuta 231 (71.96%). Anterograde apendectomia was performed in 532 (87.5%) patients and retrograde in 76 (12.5%). Abdominal drainage procedures were performed in 145 (23.85%) patients. Postoperative complications 6 (4.68%). Surgical wound infection 4. Fistula appendicularis 1 (3.12%). Mortality 1 (0.16%).