Hronični B virusni hepatitis (HHB) i dalje predstavlja veliki zdravstveni svetski problem uprkos obaveznoj i univerzalnoj imunizaciji protiv infekcije hepatitis B virusom (HBV). Kod određenog broja bolesnika hronična hepatitis B virusna infekcija u prirodnom toku bolesti progredira ka cirozi i hepatocelularnom karcionomu te je primarni cilj antivirusne terapije HHB zaustavljanje progresije bolesti. Danas na tržištu postoje dve grupe lekova za lečenje HHB: a)imunomodulatorna terapija konvencionalim interferonom alfa (INF) i pegilovanim interferonom alfa 2 a ( PEG-INF), b) peroralna antivirusna terapija analozima nukleot(z)ida. Lamivudin je dugo bio jedini medikament na našem tržištu za lečenje HBV te je kod većine naših pacijenata došlo do razvoja rezistencije. Od pre dve godine, na tržištu Srbije se registruje novi oralni analog iz grupe nukleotida : tenofovir disoproksil fumarat (TDF). U radu smo analizirali 69 bolesnika sa hroničnim hepatitisom B lečenih u Klinici za Infektivne i tropske bolesti KCS Beograd u periodu od 2012 do 2014 godine. Svi bolesnici uključeni u ovo istraživanje prethodno su bili lečeni LAM, a nakon razvoja rezistencije na LAM, primenjivan je TDF. TDF je pokazao odličnu efikasnost, visoku barijeru za rezistenciju i vrlo malo neželjenih efekata u višegodišnjoj primeni. Naša iskustva sa primenom ovog leka nisu dugotrajna imajući u vidu njegovu krakotrajnu dostupnost na našem tržištu.

Aging of population leads to limitations in functional abilities and in activities of daily living (ADL) which are the essential elements of independent care of oneself. Limitations in performing these activities result in increasing need for assistance and institutionalizing of the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fear of movement, or kinesiophobia, on ADL in elder institutionalized people with chronic pain. The research included 60 individuals older than 65 suffering from chronic musculoskeletal pain, institutionalized in Gerontoloski Centar Nis. The participants` fear of movement was assesed by Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, performing ADL was assesed by Katz index and pain intensity was evaluated by Numerical Rating Scale. We found that a large number of participants had high degree of kinesiophobia (63%), as well as that there is statistically significant negative correlation between the values of Katz index and Tampa Scale (r=-0.583, p<0.01). There is no statistically significant negative correlation between the values of Numerical Rating Scale and Katz index (r=0.139, p<0.289). There is no statistically significant positive correlation between the values of Numerical Rating Scale and Tampa Scale (r=0.215, p=0.098). The research showed that kinesiophobia has influence on ADL in elder institutionalized people with chronic pain. Higher degree of fear of movement corresponds to greater dependence of the participants in performing ADL. Pain intensity influenced neither the fear of movement nor the dependence/independence in performing ADL.

Patient fear from dental intervention is the most common cause of permanent disposal of the visits to the dentist by the patient , and there arise some magic circle in which symptoms of disease becomes more intensive , which proportionally increase the already present fear and further delay the visits to the dentist . The ultimate outcome is compromised oral health with early loss of teeth and chewing function , speech , etc. The aim of work is to determine the frequency of fear from dental intervention , occurrence of pain during certain phases of tooth extraction , its intensity , and justified fear of the patient from the most common oral surgery . The study includes 96 patients , aged 16-45 years , of whom 55 were male and 41 were female . For the assessment of fear of dental intervention was used Korah modified anxiety scale consisted of four questions ,in which every question has an answer and they are scored on a five point Likert scale . To determine the prevalence of pain in various stages of extraction there was used interview about the pain made up of three questions , and the sample consisted of patients divided by Kore scale into high and very high anxiety person. People who have positively responded to the questionnaire, the pain was further determined with visual analogue scale. For statistical analysis we used hi square test at a significance of level p<0,05. Modified Kore scale in a group of very highly anxious individuals were classified as 8 (7.68%), highly anxious individuals 15 (14.4%), moderately anxious individuals 31 (29.76%)and in the group of people without anxiety 42 patients (40, 32%).From a total of 23 patients identified as high and very high anxiety , only three (14%) felt the pain during the observation and characterized as a mild by using visual analogue scale as mild. By using Hi-square test (p<0,05) there were significant differences in responses( x²=12,6>5,92) . Five patients (22,74%) felt the pain during anesthesia where was found statistically significant differences in responses (X ²=7.34> 5.91) . Two patients (8.7%) registered the pain during tooth extraction and all the pain was characterized as mild to moderate. There was no statistically significant difference using the Hi square in the responses (x²=15,69>5,91 za p<0,05). The frequency of dental anxiety in our sample was very high in comparison with similar studies in the west of Europe, and the possible cause among other things, can be considered as a lower level of education of the population on which we must work. The emergence of real pain in high and very high anxiety patients during tooth extraction is very small, which indicate the unjustified fear of this type of intervention .

The most important adipocytokines affecting the formation and the regression of atheromas plaque in the coronary blood vessels are adiponectin and resistin. The essence of this test is to determine the correlation of the leading biochemical parameters of atherosclerosis, adiponectin and resistin and determine their interdependence with other biochemical parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Our study group consisted of 140 patients and 40 control group (healthy), 50 with diabetes mellitus and 50 with coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction and angina pectoris). We find that the average value of adiponectin in the group with type 2 diabetes mellitus were significantly lower than in the control group (4.38 to 6.74, p = 0.001, p <0.05). In the same study group average value of resistin was significantly higher than in the control group (15.8 to 7.88, p <0.001). The average value of adiponectin and resistin in patients with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris are no different from the value obtained in diabetes mellitus (4.94 to 4.38 and p = 0.397, p> 0.05). In the same study group average value of resistin was significantly higher than in the control group (15.73 to 7.88, p = 0.001, p <0.01) and not different than in the group with diabetes mellitus. Values Pearsonovg correlation coefficient shows that the biggest falls inversely proportional dependence of adiponectin with a simultaneous increase in resistin is expressed in patients with myocardial infarction, which is expressed very good correlation coefficient (-0.36). In all the groups, shows that there is a negative correlation between resistin and adiponectin, with increasing values of resistin values of adiponectin are reduced.

Leukoaraiosis is a change in brain white matter with characteristic manifestation in MR and CT head scans. Common leukoaraiosis risk factors include aging and arterial hypertension. A quarter of symptomatic ischemic infarcts belongs to small blood vessel disease group and could be presented as lacunar infarcts. These two crucial pathophysiological mechanisms are in the root of cognitive dysfunction related to small blood vessel disease. 60 lacunar infarct patients were examined and parameters for groups with and without leukoaraiosis were determined. It was found that leukoaraiosis incidence was highest in the group of women older than 70. Neurological assessment was scored on NIH-NINDS scale, functional status was scored with Barthelo index, and cognitive status was determined using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale Late (ADAS-L). Correlation analysis of these parameters on significance level of *p<0.05, **p<0.01, suggests decrease in neurological status and cognitive performance.

Introduction: In over of 99% cases of cervical cancer its appearing is preceded by persistent cervical epithelium infection caused by high-risk oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The aim of the study was to examine the distribution of high-risk oncogenic HPV types compared to patohistological diagnoses of cervical diseases in women. Materials and methods: The study included 56 women with suspected premalignant and malignant cervical lesions, due to suspected colposcopic and cytological findings (Papanicolaou test). The HPV typing by "in situ" hybridization method on high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 31 and 33 was performed in all patients from cervical smear as well as cervical biopsy. Histological findings of cervical biopsy was a "gold standard" in the analysis of materials. Results: Histologically detected premalignant or malignant changes of the cervix were found at 34 (60.7%) of all 56 examined women: 17 of them had LSIL, 13 of them had HSIL, while 4 had squamous cell carcinoma. A positive HPV test had a 47 (84%) of them with a prove of the presence of one or more types of HPV. The most common type of virus was HPV 16 and it was detected in 27 (48.2%) women, followed by HPV 31 that was detected in 26 (46.4%) women, HPV 18 in 18 (32.1%) of women and HPV 33 in 4 (7.1%) women. The infection caused by oncogenic type HPV16 was significantly more frequent in patients with HSIL and cervical cancer (p<0,001), while the infection caused by oncogenic type HPV 31 was significantly more frequent in patients with LSIL and cervicitis (p=0,003). The distribution of HPV 18 and HPV 33 types was not statistically significantly different in patients with different histological findings (HPV 18, p = 0.41; HPV 33, p = 1.0). Conclusion: Based on our results we can conclude that there is a good correlation of HPV infection with pre-malignant cervical lesions and cervical cancer. The incidence of HPV type 16 infection increased with severity of cervical lesions and it is usually detected high-risk oncogenic type virus in women with severe cervical lesions type like HSIL and cancer are. HPV 31 is the most common high-risk type of HPV of mild type lesions, like LSIL and cervicitis are. We believe that women infected by high-risk oncogenic HPV types, although without histologically diagnose of cervical lesion, should be more frequent controle by colposcopy and cytology (Papanicolaou) test, because of possible disease progression to a more advanced level.

CT dijagnostika peritonealnog prostora predstavlja kompleksan deo za skeniranje i teško ga je predstaviti na aksijalnim presecima, jer je normalno zakrivljen u ravni. Prisustvo „zamagljenog“ ili „misty“ mezenterijuma, najčešći je znak prisustva patoloških procesa u peritonealnoj duplji. Normalno subperitonealna mast je niskih izmerenih atenuacija, te svako povećanje atenuacije ovih struktura (od -60 do 0 HU) dijagnostički je značajno. Cilj istraživanja je bio da procenimo ulogu kompjuterizovane tomografije,u eksploraciji i vizuelizaciji patoloških promena mezenterijuma. Studijom preseka obuhvaćeno je 28 osobakod kojih je obavljen CT pregled abdomena i male karlice u okviru Službe za radiološku dijagnostiku KBC „Dr Dragiša Mišović-Dedinje“ u Beogradu. Korišćen je standardni protokol snimanja abdomena, zasnovan na dinamskom ispitivanju protokolom po Rossi-ju. Sva snimanja obavljena su na 16-slajsnom skeneru. Kod 18 od ukupno 28 osoba (64%), videle su se promene na mezenterijumu koje su bile inflamantornog porekla, od toga promene po tipu “misty” mezenterijumauočene su kod 6 osoba sa pankreatitisom (33%), kod 4 osobe sa apendicitisom (22%), kod 7 osoba sa divertikulitisom (39%), a kod jedne panikulitis sa pseudokapsulom u vidu masnog prstena (6%).U 2 osobe (7%), uočljen je“misty” mezenterijum kao posledica tromboze gornje mezenterične vene,dok je kod 2osobe (7%),mezenterijum bio izmenjen kao posledica hemoragične ishemije tankog creva. Jedna osoba (4%), je imala patološki izmenjeni mezenterijum zbog primarnog tumora tankog creva (karcinoid), a kod 5 osoba (18%) bile su prisutne adhezije kao posledica sekvela nakon hirurških intervencija i zračne terapije.Senzitivnost CT dijagnostike za dobijanje pozitivnih rezultata kod osoba koje imaju inflamantorno izmenjeni mezenterijum iznosila je 90%,specifičnost metode iznosila je 87.5%.. pozitivna prediktivna vrednost 94.7%, a negativna prediktivna vrednost 77.8%, uz tačnost metode 89.3%. Na osnovu visokih vrednosti senzitivnosti i specifičnosti testiranih pregleda u ovoj studiji preseka, CT dijagnostika peritonealnih prostora ima obavezno mesto u dijagnostičkom algoritmu. Zahvaljujući multidetektorskim skenerima proširene su mogućnosti eksploracije peritonealnih prostora, ali uprkos velikom doprinosu softverskih rešenja, minucioznost pri pregledu, kao i visok nivo znanja bitne su pretpostavke u radu, pa pregled ovih prostora uvek predstavlja dijagnostički izazov.

Introduction: In adults the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis is primarily based on clinical and laboratory-biochemical testing. In patients where the clinical picture atypical, even if a person does not respond to therapy resorts to radiographic examination. Echotomographic examination is unavoidable in the diagnostic algorithm. Objective: The aim of this study was to establish the individual echotomographic parameters, as well as to determine their diagnostic power in patients with acute infections (pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis), and comparing them with the appropriate reference tests. Materials and methods: We performed a cross sectional study in the period from October 2014. until May 2015. It included 50 patients with acute inflammation of the kidney which was made echotomographic examination of the abdomen and pelvis, within the Department of Radiological Diagnostics KBC "Dragisa Mišović-Dedinje" in Belgrade. The echotomographic examination of the kidneys included testing of numerous parameters that could indicate the existence of an acute inflammation of the kidney. For the gold standard, we take the findings obtained by CT (computed tomography) imaging of the abdomen and pelvis, as well as histopathological findings obtained by fine needle bio-psy. Results: At 50 patients with acute inflammation of the upper urinary tract, 41 patients (82%) had acute pyelonephritis, and 9 (18%) had acute glomerulonephritis. In 70% of patients with acute pyelonephritis (29 people) were present enlargement of the kidney where the test sensitivity was 79.3% and specificity of 91.7%. The accuracy of the method was 82.9% when the monitored parameters: loss of central echo complex and cortico-medullary differentiation. The sensitivity of the test in which the observed thickening of the pelvic and ureteric wall was 65% and specificity of 90%. The analysis of the presence of calculus in renal parenchyma leads to the values of sensitivity test of 54.8% and specificity of 80%. Hypoechoic focus in the renal parenchyma, enlargement of the kidneys and loss corticomedullar limits are parameters who with great sensitivity and specificity suggest acute glomerulonephritis. Conclusion: On the basis of high values of sensitivity and specificity of the test survey estimates that ultrasound has a required place in the following diagnostics algorithm. The use of echotomography that offer the possibility of high resolutive views, as well as the wide availability and good reproducibility of the method, the low cost of inspection, in favor of the first exploration ultrasound examination. Multidetector CT scan and fine needle biopsy remains the method of choice for the definitive diagnosis.

Cilj rada je da utvrdi patoloske promene na sluznici gastroduodenuma (erozije,ulceracije, ulkusi, komplikacije ulkusa,subepitelna krvarenja i dr) nastale kao posledica stetnog dejstva NSAIL (Nesteroidnih antireumatika )lekova koji su ordinirani u terapiji Reumatoidnog artrit-(RA). Ispitivanje je vrseno na 100 bolesnika sa dijagnostikovanim RA koji su bili na kontinuiranoj terapiji NSAIL. Kod polovine bolesnika uradjena je gastroskopija da bi se verifikovale patoloske makromorfoloske promene pre kontrolisanog uzimanja NSAIL Posle 2godine uzimanja kontinuirane terapije NSAIL uradjena je kontrolna gastroskopija a patoloske makromorfoloske-endoskopske promene verifikovale. Posle dvogodisnje kontrolisane terapije NSAIL na sluznici gastroduodenuma erozije su opisane u 66% bolesnika, ulkus zeluca u 18%, duodenalni ulkus kod 14% bolesnika, krvarenja u 25% bolesnika.

Introduction: Medico-legal expertise and identification of victims during the war and post war conflicts mean for The Republic of Serbia the most important humanitarian, scientific and ethical problem. Aim: Forensic investigations on territory of Kosovo and Metohija are currently going on. Material and methods: In this paper we observe all cases of Serbs and other nonalbanians who were exhumed and identified during first five years after armed conflict (2000-2005.), in few mass graves and in many single grave sites. Results. In the mentioned period of time, 280 dead bodies were exhumed and forensic team did autopsies, 111 dead bodies were identified. Conclusion: Well done forensic expertise is a prerequisite to the successful identification, but also the criminal processing of cases in the category of war crimes, which all together give a distinctive character. The research, published and presented in this paper at the identified human corpses, through the general data, identified violations, determining the cause and manner of death, as well as its origin, with all the available documentation of circumstances that led to the death is also the scientific and historical evidence of the tragic fate of the missing persons and victims.