Oral health is an integral part of the general health of humans and significantly affect the quality of life. Dental caries is today the most widespread disease of our civilization, which if untreated leads to tooth loss. It is significant to note that studies show the possibility of successful prevention of diseases of the oral cavity. Traditionally, there has always been lower economic and educational level of the population in rural areas, and also a lower availability of dental services. Possible reasons for this include the lack of pediatric dental offices in schools in rural areas, the greater the distance of the dentist, the lack of properly organized school dental care, lack of knowledge about the importance of oral health by their parents as role models and unfavorable socio-economic status. The aim of this study was to examine the level of awareness and habits of children and parents toward oral hygiene and bad habits in the Serbian enclaves in Kosovo and Metohija and to compare them with children who live in urban areas in Kosovska Mitrovica. The study included 160 elementary school students in the area of Kosovska Mitrovica (urban area) and the Serbian enclaves on Kosovo and Metohia (rural area) which included elementary school students from Sirinić District, the Kosovo Morava, the central Kosovo, villages of Suvo Grlo and Banja in municipality Istok. By examining the frequency of tooth brushing we found that 32 (40%) of children in enclaves brush their teeth once a day, 40 (50%) two times a day, and only 8 (5%) of them maintain hygiene teeth 3 times a day. Boys who wash their teeth three times a day were 12.5% and 37.5% of girls. The children from the enclave more often come to the dentist when they have an appointment (33:8), while children from Kosovska Mitrovica more often come to the quarterly control (21:4). An interesting fact is that 15.33% of children from urban areas cited as a source of oral health information from the Internet and Android application for mobile phone or tablet. The difficult security situation, limited freedom of movement, the poorly developed dental services, poor health education and promotion of oral health of the population of Serbian enclaves, the reason for the weaker informing children and parents about preventive dental measures. It is necessary to mobilize all sectors of society on joint actions aimed at the promotion of oral health.

The belief in the inability of neurogenesis, that is the inability to create new neurons after embryonic and early postnatal development of the central nervous system, was rejected in the mid-nineties, when the existence of neurogenesis in restricted areas of CNS adult mammals, including humans, was discovered.Transplantation of stem cells or their derivatives into respective tissues or organs is considered as one of the most promising remedies for many incurable diseases.In this review, we summarized current knowledge and present and future perspectives andchallenges regarding stem cells treatment for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as the most common age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non-communicable chronic diseases, which is the combined action of genetic factors, environmental factors and lifestyle. Specific conditions occur in the oral cavity in the course of diabetes that cause changes in all oral tissues with different symptoms and signs. Increased salivary glucose level is followed by increased accumulation of dental plaque and decreased resistance to noxious agents. The most common oral manifestations in diabetic patients include higher prevalence of periodontal desease, burning mouth syndrome, disruption in salivary flow, opportunistic infections, higher prevalence of denture stomatitis, oral lichen planus, fissured tongue, angular cheilitis etc. Dental interventions in patients with well-controlled diabetes are not different from those applied to nondiabetic patients. Regular monitoring of these patients is required because of the complications that can occur.

Termin „akutni infarkt miokarda“ koristi se kada postoji dokaz za nekrozu miokarda u situaciji kada klinička slika ukazuje na ishemiju miokarda. Prosečno godišnje u svetu od akutnog infarkta miokarda oboli 6 miliona ljudi, letalni ishod se javi kod više od 25% slučajeva. Identifikacija najvažnijih epidemioloških karakteristika infarkta miokarda u srpskim sredinama Kosova i Metohije. U radu je korišćena epidemiološka studija preseka (cross sectional). U periodu od 2004-2011 na Kosovu i Metohiji (srpske sredine) prijavljeno je ukupno 421 obolelih od akutnog infarkta miokarda. Odnos obolelih muškaraca u odnosu na broj obolelih žena iznosi 2,69:1. Najveći broj obolelih (92) kao i najviša nestandardizovana stopa incidencije akutnog infarkta miokarda (59,13/100000 stanovnika) registrovani su 2008. godine. Učestalost obolevanja od akutnog infarkta miokarda pokazuje statistički značajnu povezanost sa uzrastom obolelih i polom (hi-kvadrat =21,39, DF=1, p<0,001). Linearni trend stope incidencije pokazuje pozitivan trend sa porastom broja obolelih (y=33.8+2.3x). Validni podaci o umrlim osobama su dostupni za period od 2008. do 2011. godine. U tom periodu od akutnog infarkta miokarda je umrlo 166 lica. Odnos umrlih muškaraca i umrlih žena je iznosio 1,22:1. Nestandardizovane stope mortaliteta akutnog infarkta miokarda kretale su se od 41,77/100000 stanovnika, zabeležene 2008. godine do 17,35/100000 stanovnika, 2011.godine. Linearni trend stope mortaliteta pokazuje negativan trend sa smanjenjem broja umrlih (y=26.7-3.6x). Akutni infarkt miokarda je česta bolest na Kosovu i Metohiji. U razboljevanju dominiraju osobe muškog pola, uzrasta preko 50 godina. Gotovo 60% umrlih su stariji od 70 godina. Razboljevanje ima pozitivan trend, dok je trend umiranja negativan.

Stopa incidence cervikalnog karcinoma u Srbiji je među najvišima u Evropi i iznosi 23,8 na 100000. Papanicolau test, dopunjen kolposkopijom i histologijom, osnovna je metoda sekundarne prevencije cervikalnog karcinoma. Cilj rada je bio ispitati histološko-citološku korelaciju i pouzdanost Papanicolau testa u detekciji cervikalnih lezija. Analizirani su cervikalni razmazi (Papanicolau test) kod 3868 žena. Suspektne nalaze imalo je 190 žena i kod njih je urađena cervikalna biopsija. Kod 77 žena detektovane su premaligne ili maligne promene na cerviksu. LSIL (CIN1) je imalo 43(22,6%), HSIL(CIN2/3) 25(13,2%), a planocelularni karcinom 9 (4,7%) žena. Između histološkog i citološkog nalaza ispitanica postoji statistički značajna pozitivna povezanost (Spearman r=0,829, p<0,001). Najviše ocene dijagnostičkih performansi Papanicolau testa u diskriminaciji LSIL-a(CIN1), HSIL-a(CIN2/3) i planocelularnog karcinoma od cervicitisa su za citološki nalaz ASCH (PA IIIa) (Sp=90,6%, a Sn=100% za Ca planocellulare, Sn=96% za HSIL i Sn=86% za LSIL). U diskriminaciji HSIL-a od LSIL-a najbolja diskriminativnost postiže se za nalaz LSIL (PAIIIb) Papanicolau testa (Sn=72,0%, Sp=67,4%), a u diskriminaciji Ca planocellulare od LSIL najbolja diskriminativnost postiže se za nalaz HSIL (PA IIIb/IV) Papanicolau testa (Sn=77.8%, Sp=97.7%). Na osnovu naših rezultata možemo zaključiti da postoji pozitivna histološko-citološka korelacija nalaza i da je Papanicolau test pouzdaniji u detekciji težih premalignih promena. Citološke dijagnoze ASCH (PAIIIa) i LSIL (PAIIIb) mogu pouzdano ukazati na postojanje premalignih cervikalnih lezija kod žena, pa pacijentkinje sa tim nalazima treba češće kontrolisati i lečiti.

The neurons of the sympathetic trunk as well as the other nerve cells undergo of many changes during life. The most striking of these morphological changes, during normal aging, is the accumulation of lipofuscin-filled vacuoles or neuromelanin. Considering that the pigment is a non-biodegradable and can not be removed by exocytosis, the process of its accumulation in cells is unavoidable. The role of lipofuscin and its impact on cell function is not quite clear. Some authors consider that pigment does not damage the function of the cell, unless it contains lipofuscin in large quantities, and then it mechanically prevents its function so that could lead to cell death. Since we found a very little data in the literature about using morphometric methods in accumulation of pigment in ganglion cells or quantified observed changes, we set that the aim of this study is to confirm the presence of pigment in ganglionar cells of the symphatetic trunk, when it occurs in grater extent, as well as dinamics of its accumulation (quantification of ganglionar cells without pigment, those with partial presence of pigment, and those that were complitely filled with pigment) by using numerical density. For morphometric analysis we used test system M42. To determine the numerical density of ganglionar cells we used a method for thick cuts by Floderus. We found that interneuronal accumulation of lipofuscin is directly correlated with the aging process.

Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in children with end-stage renal disease who are treated with chronic hemodialysis Arterial hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factors in this population. The aim is that children who are on HD displays the prevalence of hypertension, to check arterial pressure before and after HD and displays the correlation with the left ventricle mass (LVM). Method: The study in 20 patients on chronic HD and 20 healthy control group children, blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer before and after HD. Also echocardiography were measured left ventricular mass before and after HD and track the correlation of these two parameters. Results: The prevalence of hypertension in children on HD is 62% for significant different compared to the control group (p <0.001) .. TA values of systolic and diastolic significantly lower after HD. (P <0.05). After HD TA values were significantly higher than the value of TA (p <0.05) in healthy children. The prevalence of LVH was 60% in children on HD and statistically be statistically highe then to the control group (p <0.001). The correlation between LVH and increased TA was linear but was not statistically significant in either group of patients. In conclusion: The fact that hypertension does not correlate significantly with left ventricular mass suggests that the increase in LVM except high blood pressure and affect other cardiovascular risk factors.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is highly prevalent in Asian countries, compared with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), which is reported predominant disease among Whites and that is the reason for paucity of reports about central corneal thickness (CCT) and corneal curvature (CC) in eyes with PACG in Europe. To determine central corneal thickness, corneal curvature and refractive error in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 288 patients were enrolled into this study; 132 patients with PACG (mean age of 73 ± 7 years) compared with 156 patients with POAG (mean age of 70 ±7 years). The data was collected from all PACG patients who underwent Laser peripheral iridotomy at the Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia in Belgrade between January 2012 and October 2012 and controls with POAG examined in the same period. Data from the right eye was used for analysis. In PACG/POAG mean CCT was 549±38/547±35 µm (p=0.353) and mean radius of corneal curvature (Cr) was 7.92±0.22/7.75±0.29 mm (p=0.003). There was no statistically significant correlation between IOP and mean Cr in PACG (p=0.244 ) and POAG ( p=0.637) while it was in POAG group with refractive error (p=0.005) and CCT (p<0.001). We found that CCT in PACG and POAG group were in normal range and there was no diference between them. Our results showed that the eyes with PACG had the flatter corneas than eyes with POAG and were hyperopic.

Determination of direction of car impact on pedestrian is complex interdisciplinary biomechanical analysis, which sintetize the work of legal medicine and traffic engineering professions. Injury characteristics depends on constitution and position of pedestrian, and type of passenger car. There are different mechanisms of injury arising from sum of effect of complex mechanical forces, from motion and impact on human body. Results are showing that new generation car, with aerodinamic wedge front, favorize occurrence of hyperextensive injuries, while speed presents dominant factor of intensity of injuries. In modern traffic conditions, we found multiple reduction of number of deaths of pedestrians in road traffic accidents.

Introduction: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures represent a paroxysmal event followed by a sudden change of behavior, cognition or consciousness, mostly of short duration, which resemble or can be understood as epileptic seizures. They occur in persons without epilepsy and in patients with epilepsy. They are not associated with abnormal EEG discharges because their cause is a psychic disorder. Case report: A 20-year-old patient has been suffering of occasional “morning short-lasting jerking hand movements, staring and fainting” since the age of 14 years. Beside a symptomatic anamnesis for epilepsy and non-specifically changed standard EEG, antiepileptic therapy (valproate and lamotrigine) was introduced. Because of non-response to antiepileptic therapy, the patient was forwarded for further clinical examination involving video EEG telemetry, which indicated that this was a case of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. A successive withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs was initiated, and also, a psychologist and psychiatrist were included into treatment, which resulted in the reduction of seizures and improvement of the patient's general condition. Conclusion: Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures represent a frequent diagnostic problem requiring team's work, while the video EEG telemetry is the method of choice for diagnosis.