Hypoglycemia is defined asplasma glucose level sufficiently low to result in neurological damage. In the new-born age, the incidence of hypoglycemia ranges from 0.4-11.4%. Etiologically, low levels of plasma glucose can result from the hormonal or metabolic disorders; high doses of insulin, drug poisoning, liver disease or systemic disorders. The most common cause of severe and permanent hypoglycemia in the neonatal age group is congenital hyperinsulinism - the result of pancreatic cells hyperplasia and/or adenoma. Between two and five years of age, the most common form of hypoglycemic state is ketotic hypoglycemia of childhood, caused by limited amount of substrate. Diagnostic criteria include biochemical confirmation of low of glucose and/or high insulin levels, blood hormone testing (epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon levels), as well as metabolic screeningfor gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis disorders and disarrangements of fatty acid oxidation. Therapy is directed towards the substrate supplementation and the application of medications and fuels aiming atrapid attainment of normoglycemia (fruit juices, parenterally applied glucose and dextrose, glucagone, corticosteroid therapy); diazoxide and somatostatin therapy is indicated for patients with hyperinsulinemia.

Introduction: The intracranial part of the optic nerve is perfused by the upper hypophyseal and ophthalmic arteries. Standard anatomical textbooks have not dealt with the vasculature of this clinicaly important part of the central nervous system. Objective: To study morphological characteristics of perioptical arterial vascularization of the intracranial part of optic nerve. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 18 whole brains of both sexes (11 male and 7 female), from the age of 51-78 years, with no signs of changes in the structures of the central nervous system. The vasculature of the optic nerves was microdissected and examined under the stereoscopic microscope after injecting their arteries with a 10% mixture of India ink and gelatin, and fixation in a 5% solution of formalin. Results: Intracranial segment of the optic nerve was richly supplied, from both, the ventral and the dorsal side, strictly with penetrating branches which come from the pial arterial network originating from the internal carotid artery and the superior hypophyseal artery for the ventral nervous surface, and from the anterior cerebral artery for the dorsal nervous surface. Conclusion: In accordance with the objective, and based on the obtained results, we confirmed that intracranial segment of the optic nerve has a rich and very delicate vascular network.

Introduction: Radiological diagnostics is the dominant diagnostic discipline in medicine. The level of technical equipment of radiological departments directly affects many aspects of importance for the diagnosis of a large number of pathological conditions and, therefore, the progress in the treatment of patients. Aim: The research analyzes the existing situation in radiological cabinets on the territory of AP Kosovo and Metohija. Particularly important elements will be analyzed for the functioning of the radiology service. An analysis of the obtained results gives recommendations in order to improve radiological diagnostics. Metods: A survey was conducted to obtain relevant data. A questionnaire consisting of segments containing basic elements for determining patients' accessibility criteria, equipping the cabinet with equipment and employing professional staff was designed. This formulated questionnaire was sent to radiological departments in health institutions on the territory of AP of Kosovo and Metohija, which are part of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. Results: The highest percentage of radiological equipment is represented in KBC Kos. Mitrovica and KBC Pristina-Gračanica, a total of 54%. The percentage of medical staff is at KBC Kos Mitrovica radiologist 50%, work technician 36%. This is followed by KBC Prishtina-Gračanica with 25% radiologists and 27% of radiological therapists. Conclusion: The basics of radiological diagnosis are conventional x-ray techniques. Tertiary health care does not adequately possess radiological high-tech modes of computerized tomography and magnetic resonance. Staff training is required in order to re-establish existing knowledge and skills development that are followed by the continuous professional development of technology applied in radiological practice.

Introduction: patients undergoing hemodialysis has numerous ophthalmological complications. Aim: To explore if the dry eye disease incidence, in patients undergoing hemodialysis, exists and if its frequency is greater compared to the healthy subjects. Methods: A total of 126 patients undergoing hemodialysis as well as 23 healthy subjects underwent complete ophthalmological examinations. The dry eye disease tests were performed in the patients undergoing hemodialysis: Schirmer test, Tears Break Up Time (TBUT) test and “Red eye syndrome”. Results: Comparing findings of dry eye disease parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis vs. healthy subjects findings were the following: Schirmer’s test results 52,78% vs. 36,36%, (χ2 = 4,02, p=0,0448, p<0,05) and “Red eye syndrome” 38,10% vs 19,05% ( χ2 = 5,69, p=0,0170, p<0,05), while the TBUT test has shown pathological results in 38.89% of undergoing hemodialysis patients. Conclusions: Dry eye disease is significantly more frequent in patients undergoing hemodialysis than in healthy subjects.

Introduction: Dental related oral mucosal lesions are most often complications of wearing removable dentures. Painful lesions treatment beside removing ethiologyical factor is symptomatic therapy. Recent investigations of ozone have reported that ozone can induce the wound healing. Case raport: A patient with three ulcerative lesions subsequently developed as a result of wearing implant retained overdenture were included in the study. Each lesion recived conventional care whereas tested lesion recived topical gaseous ozone therapy additionaly. Ozone was applied directly on the musocal lessions for three times in 1 week (baseline-1.day-3.day). The basic result were changes in greatest dimension of every lesion from first treatment and at days 1 and 3. Conclusion: The current case report showed positive effect of gaseous ozone on accelerating the process of healing and pain reduction but future clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Introduction: The presence of malignant altered axillary lymph nodes, and their timely detection is crucial for staging and prognosis of breast cancer. Echotomographic examinations are widely used technique, and represents one of the first tests of diagnostic modalities. Classic B mode, Doppler sonography, and MicroPure testing technique, allow a comprehensive assessment of the detailed morphology and internal structure of the nodes (number, location, size, shape, borders, echogenicity, edema of the surrounding soft-tissue, the presence of microcalcifications), and determination of their nature. Objective:The aim is to determine the role of echotomographic review the morphology, determining the nature and setting guidelines for diagnostic testing algorithm for malignant altered axillary lymph nodes. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 212 echotomographic tested axillary lymph nodes in the Department of Radiological Diagnostics KBC "Dr Dragisa Mišović-Dedinje" in Belgrade, in the period from February 2016.do March 2017. All patients were examined in the supine position with arms in abduction, and external rotation. The following parameters: shape, size, and homogeneity of the echo-structure, edge, an auxiliary structures such as intranodal necrosis, edema and peripheral vascularization, as well as the presence of microcalcifications, using classical B mode, Doppler sonography and MicroPure technique. For all examinations we used Toshiba device, Aplio XG, 10MHz linear transducer. Results: Of a total of 212 tested nodule, histopathology was also verified 44 malignantly changed (21%), 4 of which the primary (9%) in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma, and secondary 40 (91%) in patients with breast cancer. Other nodes 168 (79%) were normal-reactive. The best performance in the echotomographic examinations are the criteria of: the shape (longitudinal cross-ratio <2) with a sensitivity of 86.9%, presence of microcalcifications with sensitivity of 83,7%, hilus (not clearly defined, and hypoechogenic) with sensitivity of 81.8%, the size (transverse diameter greater than 8mm), with a sensitivity of 79.2%, as well as echogenicity (hypo to anechogenic) with sensitivity of 73.1%. Conclusion: Echotomographic review is a useful imaging modality in evaluating the morphology and nature of axillary lymph nodes, but none echotomographic criterion in itself is not enough reliable in evaluating malignancy. Meticulousness when reviewing and examining all the criteria and modalities (B mode, Doppler, MicroPure) remain imperative in the diagnostic algorithm of tests axillary lymph nodes.

Introduction: Solar or artificial UVA radiation play a major role in photoaging of the skin. Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the presence of morphological changes in the dermis of mouse skin exposed to UVA radiation, with or without the usage of photoprotective cream. Methods: This experiment involved the exposure of female BALBc mice, to solarium UVA lamps. The animals were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Before the radiation exposure, the hair on the backs of the experimental animals and one kontrol group was removed by shaving 3 times a week, and a half an hour before the exposure a broad spectrum photoprotective cream (UVA filter and SPF 50) was applied on half of the experimental animals. The animals were exposed to radiation 5 times a week, 2 hours a day (the dosage of 156 J/ cm2), for 16 weeks, up to a total radiation of 12500 J/cm2. Results: The presence of impaired collagen fibril network was the most pronounced in the experimental group of animals exposed to radiation without the usage of photoprotective cream (p<0.001). The presence of normal collagen fibril network was observed in the both control groups (p<0.001). The presence of incipient solar elastosis was observed in the experimental group of animals exposed to radiation without the usage of photoprotective cream. Conclusions: The results showed that the usage of a photoprotective cream provided an efficient protection against the effects of UVA radiation and dermal photoaging.

Youth is a critical age to begin experimenting with alcohol and tobacco, whereby social prestige, self-assertion, relaxation from difficulties, the way of showing rebellion against authority and valid social norms are cited as motives. Consumption of alcohol and tobacco during the period of personality formation leads to permanent behavioral disorders, while the biological characteristics of young people determine the faster development of addiction to these substances regarding to adults. In addition, the social position of young people and the position of their families are extremely jeopardized. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use among students of the University of Pristina with a temporary headquarters in Kosovska Mitrovica, i.e. to establish the connection between these habits and the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the students. The research was done as a cross sectional study on a representative sample of students of the University of Pristina with a temporary headquarters in Kosovska Mitrovica, in March and April 2011. The survey covered 567 subjects. The questionnaire served as a research instrument, the same that was used in researching the health behavior of students from other universities in the Republic of Serbia in 2000. The data were processed using descriptive statistics while the hi-square test was used to analyze the data. Out of the total number of surveyed students, a quarter (24.7%) answered that they were smoking cigarettes, while 91.4% of our respondents tasted alcohol. The highest proportion of respondents from the Faculty of Arts claims to consume cigarettes, students who get 4001-5000 dinars per week, as well as respondents who are "not particularly satisfied" with the their choice of faculty. The highest proportion of male students and students whose weekly pocket is from 2001 to 2000 dinars consume alcohol.

Introduction. The incidence of both non-melanoma (NMSC) has been increasing over the past decades worldwide. The objective of the paper was to determine incidence trend of NMSC in the Serbian population on the territory of Kosovo and Metohija in the period 2004-2013. Method. Descriptive epidemiological study was done. Data about incidence for NMSC were obtained from the record. Data about population originated from International Red Cross and UMNIK. Crude incidence rates were calculated per 100 000 inhabitans. Trend lines were estimated using linear regression. Results. During a 10-year period a total number of new NMSC cases was 304 (173(56,9%) in men and 131(43,1%) in women). Аverage crude annual incidence rate was 29,08/100 000. A significantly increasing incidence trend for NMSC in men (y=0,617x+24,29, R2=0,500) was determined. Conclusion. Our findings showed significantly increasing incidence trend of NMSC. Presented findings support the important role of primary prevention and early detection of NMSC in the earliest age. Screening of skin cancers may improve treatment and prognosis by earlier diagnosis.

Introduction: Planning cluster randomized studies requires special attention due to their specific design. To achieve balance on a cluster level as well as on individual level, it is necessary to apply randomization techniques which involve restricted randomization. Objective: Determine randomization techniques as well as their frequency in protocols for cluster randomized trials. Materials and method: Searching the MEDLINE bibliographic database, there were 1020 bibliographic units, the analysis included only the protocols for cluster randomized trials, which was a total of 169 trials. Data on randomization techniques, units of randomization and publication years of protocols were extracted. Results: The randomization technique with most frequency was stratification (35.9%). After stratification the most frequent was simple randomization (13.5%), followed by a combination of block and stratification (10%), block randomization (9.4%) and matching (9.4%). The most frequent units of randomization were health facilities (52%). The number of published protocols statistically increases during time (p<0.01). Conclusion: The most frequent randomization technique used by researchers is restricted randomization