Introduction/Objective 
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol use in the student population of the University of
Belgrade.
Methods 
The cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of 2,000 students of the Belgrade University. Four faculties (Medicine, Geography,
Economics, Electrical Engineering) from which the students participating in this research were chosen by the method of random choice (by computer
listing), conducted in the period April - June 2010.
Results 
Among our respondents, the highest amount of spirits is consumed by respondents from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, with 22% of
them consuming more than 6 shots on each occasion, while the smallest number of students who drink more than 6 shots on each occasion are from
the Faculty of Economics, with 8%. Students from the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, who have the lowest prevalence of cigarette use, consume
alcohol in a binge drinking pattern. The highest frequency of binge drinking in the past year and in the past month before the survey was among
respondents from the Faculty of Geography.
Conclusion 
There is a need for developing a conscience about all the effects that alcohol has, especially physical ones which are not usually noticed
immediately; taking responsibility for own actions; working on a healthy life style and educating people to enhance and improve their health control.

Thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, affect the work of all organs and organ systems. Whether they are in excess or in deficit, they lead to significant disturbances in the homeostasis of the organism, changing first of all the metabolic processes and leading to significant clinical manifestations, primarily in the cardiovascular, but also in other organ systems. The imbalance of thyroid hormones also has oralmanifestations, which are often the reason why patients visit the dentist. However, what worries dentists the most is the possibility of acute decompensation of hyper or hypothyroidism, with the appearance of thyrotoxic storm or myxedema coma, which are life-threatening conditions. Therefore, a valid pre-procedural evaluation and preparation of patients with thyroid hormone function disorders for pre-planned dental interventions is of great importance. During dental procedures, it is necessary to adhere to recommendations regarding the choice of local anesthetics, hemostasis, drug interactions, the possibility of infection and minimizing stress, all in order to avoid acute decompensation of thyroid imbalance.

 Uvod: Kognitivni pojačivači (KP) poboljšavaju kognitivne funkcije putem neurotransmitera CNS-a. Čine raznorodnu grupu supstanci koje se
 svakodnevno uzimaju kao napici nalik kafi, biljni lekovi i dijetetski suplementi (“meki pojačivači”) ili lekovi koji se koriste u lečenju bolesti
 (nootropici). Upotreba i zloupotreba su česte u studentskoj populaciji sa brojnim etičkim pitanjima.  
Cilj: Utvrđivanje informisanosti studenata medicine, njihovih stavova o upotrebi i stepenu rizika od neželjenog delovanja KP, na osnovu pretpostavke
 da je upotreba ovih supstanci redovna.
 Materijal I metode: Studija preseka je sprovedena po tipu anonimnog anketnog istraživanja na Medicinskom fakultetu Priština sa privremenim
 sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici. U ispitivanju su dobrovoljno učestvovali studenti medicine prve tri godine integrisanih studija koji nisu položili ispit iz
 predmeta Farmakologija sa toksikologijom. Upitnik je obuhvatio socio-demografske podatke, podatke o koncentraciji i navikama u učenju, stepen
 informisanosti, procenu upotrebe i procenu rizika korišćenja KP. Stratifikacija uzorka je izvršena prema polu studenata, a Likert-ova skala je poslužila
 za rangiranje stavova ispitanika.
 Rezultati: Od ukupnog broja anketiranih (n=249) u konačnu statističku analizu podataka uključeno je 169 anketnih upitnika (M 32,5 %, Ž 67,5%).
 Najviše studenata je bilo sa druge godine studija (40%), dok je najviše studentkinja bilo sa prve godine (48,2%). Uočena je statistički značajna razlika
 između ispitivanih grupa u odnosu na godinu studiranja (p=0,009).  Informacije o KP su novina za 40,2% ispitanika (M 49,1%, Ž 36%). Da je o njihovoj
 primeni dovoljno informisano smatra 23,7 % ispitanika (M 20%, Ž 25,4%). Postoji statistički značajna razlika u upotrebi internet baza za informisanje o
 KP (p<0,001).Najveći broj studenata (71,6%) koristi internet za informisanje o KP, pri čemu je korišćenje internet baza bilo statistički značajno veće
 kod žena u odnosu na muškarce (M 56,4 %,Ž 78,9 %; p=0,002). Više od polovine ispitanika (50,3%) koristi Mediately bazu kao pouzdanu bazu podataka o
 lekovima. Od ukupnog broja studenata 40,8% upotrebljava neki od navedenih KP (M 43,6%, Ž 39,5%). Najčešći razlozi za upotrebu kod obe grupe
 ispitanika su poboljšanje koncentracije (M 27,3%, Ž 28,9%) i uspešnije polaganje ispita (M 25,5%, Ž 15,8%). Oba pola najviše koriste ginko bilobu (M
 29,1%, Ž 32,5%) i metilksantine (M 29,1%, Ž 17,5%). Studenti znatno češće upotrebljavaju kreatin u odnosu na studentkinje (M 20%; Ž 2,6%; p=0,003).
 Obe grupe studenata su prema medijani i interkvartilnom opsegu (25-75%) uočenog rizika od neželjenih reakcija rangirale kokain (M 9,0; Ž 9,0),
 metamfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 8,0) i amfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 7,0) kao najopasnije, dok je ginko biloba procenjena kao najbezbedniji KP (M 3,0; Ž 3,0). 
Zaključak: Većina studenata nije dovoljno informisana o kognitivnim pojačivačima, iako ih koriste samoinicijativno, radi postizanja boljih rezultata na
 studijama. Neophodno je studente uputiti na adekvatne izvore informisanja i organizovati vannastavne tribine i predavanja o bezbednosti i efikasnosti
 KP pre upotrebe. U skladu sa trendovima u svetu, može se očekivati porast zloupotrebe nootropika na univerzitetima i u našoj zemlji. Smatramo da bi
 trebalo ponoviti ili organizovati slično ispitivanje kroz par godina, po mogućstvu u većem obimu.
 Ključne reči: kognitivni pojačivači, informisanost studenata, stavovi studenata

 Ruptura potkožne tetive ekstenzora policis longusa (EPL) je jedna od najčešćih povreda tetiva ekstenzora šake. Ova vrsta povrede može biti posledica
 trauma ručnog zgloba. Češće se javlja kao posledica degenerativne ili inflamatorne bolesti. Ponekad se to dešava bez predisponirajućeg stanja, zbog
 kontinuiranih pokreta savijanja i opružanja palca šake.
 Ruptura tetive EPL-a se obično dešava u predelu Listerove kvrge gde su trenja najveća. Kontinuirano ponavljanje mikrotrauma može da uzrokuje
 rupturu. Engkvist i Lundborg [1] su postavili hipotezu o patogenezi mehanizama ove povrede.  Smatrali su da nakon trauma ili zapaljenja formiran
 hematom unutar omotača tetive dovodi do povećanja pritiska u neelastičnom prostoru. Povećanje pritiska može izazvati promene u snabdevanju krvi i
 može dovesti do nekroze i rupture struktura tetiva. Nakon prekida kontinuiteta tetive EPL-a, retrakcija proksimalnog okrajka je praćena
 degenerativnim procesima koji ugrožavaju direktnu suturu.
 Predloženi su mnogi tretmani, artrodeza interfalangealnog (IP) zgloba palca ili transpozicija tetive ekstenzor indicis proprius (EIP) koju je razvio
 Mensch 1925. god. [1].
 Transpozicija tetive šake je hirurška procedura која uključuje repozicioniranje funkcionalne tetive како bi se obnovila funkcija oštećene tetive šake.
 Ova operacija ima za cilj da vrati pokret, funkciju i snagu šake.
 U ovom radu prenosimo naše iskustvo u lečenja traumatske rupture tetive EPL-a metodom transpozicije tetive EIP-a. Opisujemo operativnu tehniku
 transfera tetive EIP-a na tetivu EPL.
 Ključne reči: trasnpozicija tetive, ekstenzor policis longus, ekstenzor indicis proprius, funkcija.

Sveži prelomi u ortopedskoj hirurgiji i traumatologiji, dovode do hemodinamske nestabilnosti celokupnog organizma. Kod otvorenih preloma, stepen
 hemodinamske nestabilnosti organizma je značajno veći. Prioritet u lečenju svežih preloma ima DAMAGE CONTROL IN ORTHOPEDIC (DCO). DCO je
 invazivna procedura koja ima ulogu kako u stabilizaciji preloma, tako i u kontroli krvarenja. Prelomi dugih kostiju kao i prelom karlice su apsolutna
 indikacija za DCO. Slobodno možemo reći da ova procedura prestavlja prioritet u lečenju svežih preloma. Procedura je individualizovana u zavisnosti
 od težine povrede kao i  hemodinamskog statusa povređenog pacijenta. U ortopedskoj hirurgiji i traumatologiji kao standardna procedura u DCO
 koristi se spoljašnji fiksator po Mitkoviću. Ortopedski hirurzi moraju biti jako prisebni i obazrivi kod pregledapacijenata sa politraumom i da
 prepoznaju tkzv. trougao smrti. Trougao smrti čine: acidoza, hipotermija i koagulopatija. Svaka karika je medjusobno povezana jedna sa drugom
 dovode do ireverzibilnih promena u organizmu što za posledicu ima smrtni ishod. DCO se sprovodi u tri faze: 1) podrazumeva kontrolu kvarenja,
 smanjenje kontaminacija bakterijama, kao i privremenu fiksaciju preloma. Sve ovo je neophodno uraditi u roku od 1-2h.; 2)  obuhvata stabilizaciju
 vitalnih parametara u JIN-e kao i reanimacija pacijenta ordiniranjem neophodne terapije, krvi i krvnih derivata.; 3) podrazumeva definitivna metoda
 lečenja u smislu nastavka lečenja preloma spoljasnjim fiksatorom ili konverzija u neku drugu metodu lečenja.

Introduction:

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease that occurs due to inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone from the pituitary, or as a result of disorder in which the level of the kidneys cannot adequately respond to the secretion of this hormone. Also, it is known as central diabetes insipidus. The most common causes are head traumas, tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands, inflammatory processes, histiocytosis, anomalies in the development of brain. It can appear in the form of familial diabetes insipidus or in certain syndromes (Wolfram syndrome). It is characterized by hypotonic polyuria higher than 3l/24h (which persists if even taking liquids stops), then by nocturia and compensatory polydipsia. Enuresis often occurs among children.

Case report:

A boy, aged 11, lives with his mother and brothers. Mother noticed that the boy was urinating frequently in last few months (diuresis 4.6 l/24h, and 3.25 l/24h). After two months, the boy developed double images and severe headaches, vomiting, inability to see, squinting in the right eye and headache in the back of the head. MNR of the endocranium indicates the presence of a tumor formation. The tumor was surgically removed, and the boy started with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to persistent diabetes insipidus, the boy started using desmopressin-acetate - in tablet form. Active substance desmopressin - acts in the same way as the natural hormone vasopressin and regulates the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. The positive effect of taking the drug appeared after three weeks from the start of taking the therapy.

Conclusion:

Central (neurogenic) DI occurs as a result of a relative or absolute deficiency of antidiuretic hormone, which is responsible for the osmolality of body fluids. Based on this case, we want to show the importance of early diagnosis of the disease in order to improve the prognosis and the necessity of careful monitoring of these patients.

Introduction:

Presence mesiodens is not uncommon in clinic practice. It is cause of impacted permanent maxillary central incisors. Diagnosis of the delayed tooth is usually made on the basis of clinical and radiographic findings. The treatment include surgical exposure of the impacted maxillary central incisors and extraction of supernumerary tooth, because it is a direct obstruction for the eruption of maxillary central incisors. Impacted maxillary central incisors is moved into it's proper position with orthodontic traction. The aim is presented surgical-orthodontic treatment of impacted teeth, which is necessary to achieve stability esthetic and functional results.

Case report:

This case report describes a surgical-orthodontic treatment of 9.5-old boy with both impacted permanent maxillary central incisors with supernumerary tooth which disturbs their normal eruption.

Conclusion:

The gnathometric evaluation of spaces in dental arch, the assessment of dental age and radiographic analysis are preconditions of successful therapy. The impacted maxillary central incisors were successfully positioned in the maxillary arch, with an adequate width of attached gingiva. The careful and persuasive treatment planning of an orthodontist, oral surgeon and periodontist are the key to success in resolving such cases.

Objective:

To investigate correlation between ultrasonically calculated urinary bladder weight and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Methods:

3D and 2D measurement of parameters necessary to determine bladder weight: Inner and outer radius of the bladder, in 10 male and 10 female patients with LUTS, with urinary bladder filled to at least 200 ml of urine volume.

Results:

Average urinary bladder weight in males was 53,8 g and in female patient was 45,2 g. We found no statistically significant difference between male and female patients, all with LUTS. We also found that patients in LUTS have hypertrophied bladder, which means that urinary bladder mass should be larger and results in an increase of blader weight and both inner and outer radius of the urinary bladder, that should be detected ultrasonographically, but not too much over of pre- determined variations of normal bladder weight.

Conclusion:

Estimation of urinary bladder weight should be considered as non-invasive approach to patients with LUTS. However, it is more plausible to measure only urinary bladder wall thickness ultrasonically than to calculate urinary bladder weight without built-in software.

The discovery that sunlight can cure rickets was first scientifically confirmed in 1919. Shortly thereafter, in 1924, it was found that inactive lipids in the diet and skin are converted into antirachitic substances under the influence of UV light. Vitamin D (Vit D), also known as the "sunshine vitamin,"
was first identified in 1931. In recent decades, it has regained the focus of interest among the broader scientific community and dermatologists.
Specifically, certain dermatoses have been associated with low Vit D levels, leading to its supplementation in patients. On the other hand, some
dermatoses worsen with sun exposure, necessitating strict avoidance of sunlight and the therapeutic use of Vit D preparations.We are witnessing a
growing number of cases of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers, with excessive sun exposure being the primary etiological factor in most
cases. This paper provides a literature review on the historical discovery of Vit D and presents findings from studies examining Vit D levels not only in
various dermatoses but also in other diseases. The number of studies, as well as the spectrum of diseases in which the role of Vit D is being
investigated, continues to increase.

This article focuses on the sonographic axamination techique for evaluation of intracranial translucencies during the first trimester ultrasound scan. Appropriate knowledge of sonographic landmarks is the most important factor for evaluation normal as well as abnormal brain structure, and this examination may enable detection of open spina bifida and Arnold – Chiari anomaly at an early stage of fetal develpoment.