Introduction The testing of stressors and the impact of stress on health and work ability of electricians working in workplaces with a special health risk is very important.

OBJECTIVE is to examine the impact of occupational stress on the ability of electricians to work.

METHODS The research was designed as a cross sectional study and covered 108 respondents, classified into two groups: electricians (52) and control group (56) made up of administrative workers. The survey included the following: Questionnaire on basic sociodemographic indicators of respondents, IRS Questionnaire, Work Ability Index (WAI) Questionnaire, General Health Questionnsire (GHQ), Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) and Occupational Stress Assessment Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with SPSS.

RESULTS The frequency of different categories of WAI score is uniform between the tested groups (p = 0.155). Work ability is poor in 11.5%, moderate in 25%, good in 26.90% and excellent in 36.5% of electricians. The frequency of different categories of WAI score is aligned between the tested groups (p = 0.155). By analyzing all components of IRS score, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference in the components between the electricians and the  control group: requirements (p <0.001) and work role (p <0.001); GHQ is higher in electricians, but no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.082); CBI is statistically significantly higher in electricians (p <0.001) and WAI score is statistically significantly higher in electricians (p = 0.039). In the overall population, the 10 strongest stressors were ranked and statistically significant difference in all stressors (p <0.001) between the electrician and the control group was shown. The values of the stressors are equal in relation to WAI score categories. In the electricians, the strongest stressors are: night work (4.60), hazards (4.58), shift work (4.54), working overtime (4.46), time limit for individual tasks (4.44), fear of injuries (4.42), pressure of time limits for execution of tasks (4.23), work overload (4.22), inadequate work space (4.18) and daily unforeseen situations (4.10). Average value of all stressors among electricians is 2.87 ± 1.10 (Min 1.10, Max 4.60). In the tested population, 14 different stressors have higher values than the average value of all stressors. In the control group, the average value of all stressors is 1.84 ± 0.33 (Min. 1.17, Max 2.69). Correlation analysis has shown that there is a correlation of age with shift work (r = 0.130, p = 0.013) and working overtime (r = -0.220, p <0.001). URS is statistically significantly related to the time limit for individual tasks (r = 0.149, p = 0.005) and pressure of time limits for execution of tasks (r = 0.125, p = 0.017). ERS is statistically significantly related to night work (r = 0.169, p = 0.001), shift work (r = 0.160, p = 0.002), time limit for execution of tasks (r = 0.203, p <0.001) pressure of time limits for execution of tasks (r = 0.194, p <0.001), work overload (r = 0.128, p = 0.017) and inadequate work space (r = 0.122, p = 0.022). The subjective assessment of work ability in relation to physical (p = 0.010) and psychological requirements (p <0.001) is statistically significantly lower in electricians compared to control group. DISCUSSION By analyzing all components of IRS score, it is found that there is a statistically significant difference between the electricians and the control group in the requirements and the working role components. In the overall population, the top 10 stressors were ranked and it was shown that there was a statistically significant difference in all stressors between the electricians and the control group. The average value of all stressors in the electricians is high and a large number (14) of different stressors have higher values than the average value of all the stressors. The subjective assessment of work ability in relation to physical and mental requirements is statistically significantly worse in electricians than in control group. More than half of electricians went on sick leave (mostly short leaves) during the previous year.

CONCLUSION Occupational stress significantly affects work ability of electricians. Values of WAI score are statistically significantly higher in electricians, and values of stressors are equal in relation to WAI score categories. Correlation analysis has shown there is a correlation between age, URS and ERS with individual stressors. 

U našoj kulturi, upotreba alkohola se uglavnom toleriše. Pri tom, alkohol je lako dostupan, pa čak i predstavlja jedan poseban model ponašanja. Mladi čine rizičnu populaciju za zloupotrebu alkohola pri čemu većina njih počinje da eksperimentiše sa alkoholom u ranoj adolescenciji i rano stvara naviku pijenja. Utvrditi učestalost korišćenja alkohola i stavove prema konzumiranju alkoholnih pića među studentima Medicinskog i Ekonomskog fakulteta u Kosovskoj Mitrovici i povezanost sa njihovim demografskim i socijalno-ekonomskim karakteristikama. Istraživanje je urađeno kao studija preseka na reprezentativnom uzorku studenata Medicinskog i Ekonomskog fakulteta u Kosovskoj Mitrovici, u periodu od 26. do 30. novembra 2013. godine. Kao instrument istraživanja poslužio je Upitnik o ponašanju i zdravlju. Od statističkih metoda korišćeni su hi-kvadrat i Mann- Whitney-ijev test, sa nivoom značajnosti od 0,05. U nedelji koja je prethodila istraživanju alkohol je probao značajno veći deo studenata Ekonomskog fakulteta (55,2%) u odnosu na studente Medicinskog fakulteta (29,9%). Češće su alkoholna pića pili muškarci, stariji studenti i studenti viših godina studija. Najveći deo studenata se izjasnio da je alkohol prvi put probalo u kući uz prisustvo roditelja (37,6%), da je korišćenje alkohola socijalno prihvatljivo u sredinama u kojoj žive (76,1%) i među kolegama (81,6%), i da im ne bi bilo neprijatno kada bi u društvu kolega naručili piće koje nije alkoholno (87%). Skoro svaki treći student medicine i svaki drugi student ekonomije u Kosovskoj Mitrovici je probao alkohol u prethodnoj nedelji, dok većina ocenjuje da je korišćenje alkohola socijalno prihvatljivo u sredinama u kojoj žive i studiraju.

Analizom stručnih i naučnih publikacija koje se bave istraživanjem zdravstvenog ponašanja studenata nameće se mišljenje da studenti predstavljaju populaciju sa posebnim rizikom nastanka posledica fizičke neaktivnosti i neadekvatne ishrane. Najveći deo dana studenti obično provode sedeći u zatvorenim, zagušljivim prostorijama slušajući predavanja ili učeći, a umesto rekreacije svoje slobodno vreme provode u nekom kafiću ili uz televizor ili računar. Za studente, kao posebnu populaciju mladih ljudi, ishrana je od primarne važnosti jer su kvalitativne i kvantitativne potrebe za dobro uravnoteženom ishranom veće nego u bilo kom drugom periodu života, s obzirom da ishrana mora biti prilagođena dugotrajnom intelektualnom radu. Cilj rada bio je da se oceni zdravstveno ponašanje, odnosno navike u ishrani i fizička aktivnost studenata. U okviru ovog cilja posebno će se analizirati učestalost i odnos učestalosti pomenutih navika među studentima Pravnog, Prirodno-matematičkog i Medicinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Prištini sa privremenim sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici. Istraživanje je urađeno kao studija preseka na reprezentativnom uzorku studenata Univerziteta u Prištini sa privremenim sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici, u martu i aprilu 2011. godine. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 244 ispitanika. Kao instrument istraživanja korišćen je upitnik koji se koristio u u Istraživanju zdravstvenog ponašanja studenata ostalih univerziteta u Republici Srbiji u 2000-toj godini. Podaci su obrađeni metodama deskriptivne statistike a u svrhu analize podataka korišćen je hi-kvadrat test. U nedelji koja je prethodila istraživanju, fizičkom aktivnošću duže od 30 minuta bavila se samo trećina (34,4%) naših ispitanika, dok se gotovo polovina (48,8%) studenata izjasnila da je sedeći provodila do 5 sati dnevno. Polovina naših ispitanika (48,0%) svakodnevno doručkuje, četvrtina (25,8%) uzima voće, dok tek svaki deseti (10,7%) student svakodnevno u svojoj ishrani koristi mleko.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multisistemic disease of an unknown cause characterised by persistens inflammatory synovitis which results in destruction cartilage and bone erosions. RA is a systemic disease with various out of joint manifestations of different clinical importance, among which rheumatoid knots, rheumatoid vasculitis, pleuropulmonal and ophthalmological manifestations are the most prominent ones. The most frequent changes of the eye in patients with RA are keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), episcleritis and scleritis and ulcerous keratitis. Out of 70 examined patients, 52 (74.3%) are female, and 18 (25.7%) of male sex (ratio 4:1), average age 56.47. In 18 (25.71%) RA diseased patients eye changes found are as folows: secondary Sjögren syndrom, that is keratoconjunctvitis sicca in 18.57%, only in female patients, episcleritis nodosa and scleritis in 4.29%; 2.86% in male and 1.43% female patients and ulcerous keratitis in 2.86% RA diseased patients. 

Ocular contusion followed by hyphema is very common ophthalmologic problem. Aim: to determinate basic epidemiologic characteristics, comorbidity of other ocular findings, as well as complications associated with different grade of hyphema. Method: 55 patients with hyphema and ocular contusion were examinated. Results. Male had hyphema almost four times more often then women (80%:20&); workers (34.5%), afterward pensioners (20%) and pupils (18.2%) were the most often injured. The most frequent causes were the wood (43.6%), stone (10.9%) and vegetable foreign body (9.1%), The first grade of hyphema was demonstrated at 30 patients (54.5%), the second at 16 (29.1%), the third at 6 (10.9%) and the fourth at 3 (5.5%). The most frequent associated ocular findings regarding to segments were the following : haematoma palpebrarum, subconjunctival hemorrhage, erosio corneae and haemophthalmus. Secondary glaucoma was the most common ocular complication and it was finding at one patient with the first stage of hyphema but at all patients with the fourth grade of hyphema. Conclusion: grade of hyphema is directly proportional with a grade of ocular complications and frequency of associated ocular findings.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic multisistemic disease of an unknown cause characterised by persistens inflammatory synovitis which results in destruction cartilage and bone erosions. RA is a systemic disease with various out of joint manifestations of different clinical importance, among which rheumatoid knots, rheumatoid vasculitis, pleuropulmonal and ophthalmological manifestations are the most prominent ones. The most frequent changes of the eye in patients with RA are keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), episcleritis and scleritis and ulcerous keratitis. Out of 70 examined patients, 52 (74.3%) are female, and 18 (25.7%) of male sex (ratio 4:1), average age 56.47. In 18 (25.71%) RA diseased patients eye changes found are as folows: secondary Sjögren syndrom, that is keratoconjunctvitis sicca in 18.57%, only in female patients, episcleritis nodosa and scleritis in 4.29%; 2.86% in male and 1.43% female patients and ulcerous keratitis in 2.86% RA diseased patients. 

Any kind of ocular lens opacification is well known as cataract. Most cataracts are age-related, so called senile cataract. Cataractogenesis as process involves either pathological and natural aging processes. Chronical oxidative stress is considered as primary factor in age-related cataractogenesis. In this study we measured concentration of lipid hydroperoxides, sulfhydril groups (SH) and entire antioxidative capacity,as well as ocular superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in 11 subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and cataract and in 39 nondiabetic subjects with senile cataract. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination before they were surgically treated by phacoemulsifications. 0 During the intervention, aqueous sample in volume 0,2 was aspirated and refrigerated in -20 C and preparated for further biochemical analysis. Parameters of antioxidative power in diabetic subjects with cataract have decreased values (sulfhydril groups and antioxidative potential - FRAP test) in aqueous while one of lipid peroxidation product has increased value (lipid hyperoxide). Aqueous catalase activity in subjects with diabetes and senile cataract is remarkably higher compared with nondiabetic subjects (p<0.0.5). Oxydative stress and antioxidative capacity are well known risk factor in cataractogenesis but in DM 2 patients, oxydative stress is more intensive than in control group.

Because of significance of self-rated health as a valid measure of health status it is important to research what influence on individuals when they assess own health.. The aims of the study were to investigate how north Kosovska Mitrovica adults describe their health and to compare results with results from Serbia without Kosovo and Metohija; and to determine which variables are connected with self-rated health status among this population. The research was conducted as crosssectional study, done on the representative sample of adult citizens in northern Kosovska Mitrovica in the year 2006. 318 examinees were examine. The instrument of research was a questionnaire which contained questions about self-rated health and demographic and socio-economic characteristics, mental health, social interaction, capability of daily activities, health behaviour and habits, diseases and injuries, utilization of health care service. Independent variables are defined through fac2 tor analysis taken from these groups of question. For statistic analysis were used X -test and multivariate stepwise linear regression. More than half of the respondents (54,7%) their health assessed as good or very good. Inhabitants of northern Kosovska Mitrovica were significantly often their health assessed as good or verz good than inhabitants of Serbia without Kosovo and Metohija (p<0,05). Self-rated health were connected with foreword variables: gender, mood problems, myocardial infarction, chronic bronchitis, psychic and neurotic disorders, rheumatic arthritis, high blood sugar, utilization of private gynecologist service and paying for diagnostic service. Results from this study correspond with findings from literature. Most of the respondents in north Kosovska Mitrovica assessed their own health as good or very good. Bad and very bad health was significantly associated with females, problems with mood, myocardial infarction, chronic bronchitis, psychic or neurotic disorders, rheumatic arthritis and high blood sugar. Good and very good health was significantly associated with utilization of private gynecologist service and paying for diagnostic service. 

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic rheumatoid inflammation with characteristic synovitis of sacroiliac joints and vertebrae of spinal column and fewer coxofemoral and glenohumeral and periferal joints. The disease is of an unknown etiology and shows strong correlation with histocompatibile antigene HLA-B27 wich is found in 90% AS diseased patients. Acute anterior uveitis is the most frequent extra-articular manifestation, it can precede spondylitis and is found in at least 20% AS diseased patients. Acute anterior uveitis is mostly bilateral, with recidives and in inadequate treatments results in complicate cataract and secondary glaucoma. Out of 41 patients with ankylosing spondylitis 36 (87.8%) is of male , and 5 (12.1%) female sex (ratio 9:1). The youngest patient was 25 and the oldest 69 years of age, average age of the diseased was 38.45. Acute anterior uvetis is found in 11, that is 26.8% diseased patients. The length of uveitis is approximately 28+/- 10 days. In 7 patients (63.64%) AAU is found in both eyes. Out of 11 patients with with AAU, 3 patients (27.27%) had more than first attack,7 (63.64%) had 1-5 recidives, and only 1 patient had more than 5 recidives. The most frequent type of exudation is serofibrose (77.78%), then follows fibropurulent-hypopyon (16.67%) and serose (5.55%). Out of 18 eyes, in 14 (77.78%) back synechies were formed. However, these synechies are in most cases broken by the use adequate therapy.