Cataract is a dysfunction of the lens of the eye caused by clouding. By far the most common type of cataract is the senile cataract. The immediate cause of the occurrence of cataract is unknown, but oxidative stress is considered important in its etiopathogenesis. The aim: to examine the intensity of oxidative stress, depending on the type and maturity of senile cataract, through the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) in the aqueous humor of the patients diagnosed with senile cataract. The average activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme in the aqueous humor of the patients with early nuclear cataract was 41.16 U/mL, which is a significantly higher value (p<0.01) when compared with that of the patients with other types of early cataract, as well as with that of the patients with total cataract (33.88 U/mL). With aging the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme decreases, hence the average activity of the enzyme was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the group of patients over 75 years of age (36.28 U/mL vs. 28.91 U/mL).

As a mixed exocrine and endocrine gland pancreas has a very important role in the digestive tract. The juice of his exocrine part, which is released into the duodenum, carries more than 20 pancreatic enzymes, important for a normal process of digestion. Endocrine part of the gland, which consists of the islets-insula, actively participate in the metabolism of human organism, secreting two important hormones - insulin and glucagon. Because of its location, the pancreas is an extremely inaccessible organ for a physical examination. Despite of a large number of modern clinical methods for monitoring changes in the body, the detail knowledge of morphological characteristics of this gland is still very important. The material was taken from the cadaver of the fetus and newborn at the Institute of Pathology of the Faculty of Medicine. We classified samples of pancreas into three groups, with respect to age (from 3 months to neonates) and CS length. After dehydration and the molding compositions are cut at a thickness of between 6 and 10 microns. In addition to standard staining methods, some preparations are for identification of insula, painted by Grimelijus. In this study, we determined the morphological changes of the prenatal pancreas, from the third month of intrauterine fetal development, until the end of the fetal time and determine the dynamics of changes in the parenchyma and stroma. We could distinguish functional parts of the pancreas, in 10-11th week of development. In the first trimester of pregnancy, we have noticed an increase in parenchymal elements and the reduction of the stroma, which is slightly more pronounced in interlobular area, that clearly differentiating lobules. At the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, in the pancreas that are developing, we observed significant changes.The lobular structure of pancreas was clearly visible. Pancreatic acini are clearly differentiated and are in very close contact, since the stroma between them very reduced. Within almost all lobulus there are clearly expressed the islets of Langerhans, which are multiplied, different sizes, separated from the exocrine part by poorly expressed connective tissue. In the group of prematurely born children, we found that the morphology of the pancreas is very similar to the pancreas at the end of the fetal period.

Introduction: Dental caries is the most common oral disease in all age groups. Being more and more frequent in preschool and school-age children, it has become one of the most important problems in oral pathology. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of dental caries in schoolchildren aged 12 and 15 years in the northern part of Kosovo and Metohija, as well as to inform them about the importance of oral health. Materials and Methods: The study included 626 schoolchildren of both sexes from five schools from the municipalities of Kosovska Mitrovica, Zvečan and Leposavić. Klein-Palmer DMFT system (D-Decayed, M-Missing, F-filled) was used to estimate the prevalence of dental caries the following indices were also used: Person Caries Index, Teeth Caries Index, Average Caries Index and DMFT structure. All the selected children were examined using standard dental diagnostic agents. Tooth surfaces were examined dry under artificial lighting. Results: The average value of DMFT index for children aged 12 and 15 years was 4.2. On average, 92.3% of the examined children had caries. The mean value of caries index was 15.11%.Conclusion: After these new epidemiological studies, it can be concluded that the state of children's oral health, considering the high levels of untreated caries and all other features of DMFT index, is not satisfactory. This situation points to the necessity of applying modern preventive and prophylactic measures to preserve and improve the population oral health.

Introduction: Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) is defined as the level of 25(OH)D in the serum < 30 ng/ml. According to the contemporary research, even the slight vitamin D deficiency can adversely affect our body in many ways. Numerous studies indicate that vitamin D deficiency is very common in children. The study aimed to research the frequency of vitamin D deficiency in infants and toddlers, the connection between VDD and iron deficiency anemia (IDA), as well as the correlation between 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) and haemoglobin (Hb) in the examinees. Method: The study includes 150 children, 73 (49%) newborns and 77 (51%) infants. Vitamin D status was determined through the amount of 25(OH)D in blood, using the electrochemiluminescence. Results: Vitamin D Deficiency was found in 58% of infants and toddlers (severe vitamin D deficiency was found in 16% of examinees, vitamin D deficiency was found in 23% of examinees, while vitamin D insufficiency was found in 19% of examinees). Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and anaemia were found in 80% of examined infants and toddlers. VDD was found in 49% of newborns that were not anaemic. We have observed the substantial difference between the examinees suffering from both anaemia and VDD and the examinees suffering from VDD only. Conclusion: The highest level on anaemia was found in the children with severe vitamin D deficiency, while in the examined infants and toddlers, there was a connection between the level of 25(OH)D and Hb in the serum.

It is known in the literature that the incidence and prevalence of suicide and attempted suicide in psychiatric patients is significantly higher than in the general population. The paper examined risk factors for suicidal behavior in the category of admitted patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of sleep disorders and affective (Unipolar resp. Bipolar depression). Study activated by 80 patients, 40 in both diagnostic groups received treatment at the Special Psychiatric Hospital in Gornja Toponica near Nis. The work methodology used are: psychiatric interview, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and the C-SSRS (Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale)- assessment tool that assesses suicidal ideation and behavior. The study results show that there is a relationship between suicidal behavior (suicide attempts and suicidal ideation) and the diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder, positive history of previous suicide attempts, so that these factors are stronger, to the degree of suicidality higher. On this sample, clearly suicidal behavior, with the same purpose, intensity of suicidal thoughts and medical impairment after suicide attempts were significantly more frequent in patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder in the depressive phase of the illness. Patients with a previous suicide attempt, and poor personal and social circumstances had a higher rate of attempted suicide.

Biliary pathology represents today one of the most common indication for surgery in abdominalnj surgery. Calculosis gallbladder is a serious pathological condition, that their frequency, severity and possible complications constitute a significant percentage of medical emergencies. Septic complications are the most important factor of morbidity and mortality in biliary surgery. In relation to the gender structure of M: F=160: 519 1 3.2 23.6%: 76.4% is female domination. The highest incidence of biliary diseases in this interval is 91 (13.4%) in 2006, and 75 (11.0%) of 2010 average incidence of 52 patients per year. The lowest incidence was 2002 g 6 (0.9%) patients. The youngest patient was females aged 12 years. The oldest patient who underwent surgery were female, with a 82 yr. The range is 82-12=70g. The average age of the patients was 51 years, with dominant females 76.4%. Cholecystitis chronice is present in 423 (62.3%), cholecystitis acuta 251 (37%). Cholelythiasa 666 98%. Acalculosa 13 (1.91%). Calculosis gallbladder was present in 666 (98.1%) cases. OP: Solitary holelithiasis, 149 (22.4%), multiple holelithiasis 517 (77.6%). The absence of cholelithiasis in biliary diseases was verified in 13 (1.91%) patients. Holecistit empyema was verified in 8 (1.18%) cases. The structure of the surgical findings shows that gallbladder represents the dominant place of infectious processes in the acute pathology of extrahepatic bile ducts. 436 (64.2%). Hydrops 47 (10.8%). Empyema 102 (23.4%). Acute complications related to the spread of infection from the gallbladder put the main biliary tree and free abdominal cavity were registered in 2 (0.46%). Abscessus subhepatis 11 (2.52%). Choledocholythiasis 6 (1.38%). Cholangitis ac 17 (3.9%). Neo vesicae felleae 7 (1.03%). From that polypus vesicae felleae 2 (0.4%), ca vesicae felleae 4 (0.59%). There hepatocholedoci 1 (1.15%). Meta and hepato 4 (0.59%). M: F = 2: second Icterus 8 (1.18%). The ratio of M: F = 7: 1. Incidenca baktibilije analyzed in the entire series was 57%. Microbiological analysis of samples identified teen bacterial species.

Introduction: Soot usually occurs as a result of incomplete combustion of fuels containing carbon (fossil fuels - wood, coal). Air pollution is one of the most serious environmental threats to the urban population, which has harmful effects on human health, regardless of age. Objective to determine the extent to which the development of concentrations of soot in the air affects the air quality in the area tested. Methods: In the period from 2007. to 2011. the soot immission was followed at two sites: in Kosovska Mitrovica and Zvecan. The concentration of soot is determined by the reflectometric method. The statistical hypotheses were tested on statistical significance level of 0.05. Results: Overall, for both measuring points, there was a statistically significant change in value of the concentration of soot in the air (F = 6.779; p = 0.009). There was a significant increase in the concentration of soot in the air during the investigated years, with the highest values in 2010. and 2011. The average value of soot concentration for the period from 2007 to 2009 was 17.7 ± 21.3 mg / m while in the period from 2010. to 2011. it was 36.7 ± 45.2 µg/m , which represents a statistically significant difference (U = 910082.5; p<0.001). The amount of average concentrations of soot in the heating 3 3 season was 32.8 ± 44.2 µg/m while out of the heating season it was 16.8 ± 15.6 µg/m which is a statistically significant difference (U = 1030936; p <0.001). The distribution of average concentrations of soot in the air represented by month 3 showed the highest value in January at both measuring locations, in Kosovska Mitrovica 86.8 µg/m , and in Zvecan 34 3 µg/m . The total number of soot over the limit value in the period surveyed was in Kosovska Mitrovica 256 days, and in Zvecan 90 days.

Introduction: Health food safety is an absolute priority, whether it is a physical-chemical and microbiological safety. This applies particularly to vulnerable population groups. Particularly vulnerable population group is pre-school children. In this age, in addition to health security, as an important segment of the nutritional value of food. Nutritional value represents the energy value of meals, as well as a total in a certain amount (100g), as it looks at the energy density of meals. A reliable indicator of nutritional value, in addition to the mere satisfaction of energy needs, the amount and concentration ratio of macronutrients. This paper deals with the energy value of daily meals in preschools in Macva administrative district. The quality of the meal depends on several factors, such as the selection of food, preparation methods, expertise, personnel to create menus. This work focused on the economic situation in the whole society, as a factor affecting the quality of daily meals in preschools in Macva administrative district. Aim: To investigate the existence of statistically significant differences in the quality of daily meals in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Materials and methods: During the period under review were collected and analyzed data on the quality of the food at nine preschools in Macva administrative district. Data on the total caloric value, energy value in 100 grams, as well as data on the proportion of macronutrients carbohydrates, fats and proteins are analized and compared. The comparison of the results with the current regulations in the Republic of Serbia, and testing the statistical significance of the energy value variation and content of macronutrients in the observed poreioda. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that the total energy value does not satisfy 75% of daily needs, and that there is a significant reduction in the share of protein and increase in the proportion of carbohydrates. Test results indicate that due to the impact of the deterioration of the economic situation decreased quality of daily meals. Reducing the quality is reflected in statistically significant decrease in the share of proteins.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common carcinomas in the female population; second in frequency. In the female population it makes up 12% of all malignant diseases. In general it takes the third place in frequency and ahead of it is the breast carcinoma and the colorectal carcinoma. Data accessed by WHO (World Health Organization) indicates that every year in the world around half a million women suffers cervical cancer, which is a significant number, of which 230.000, unfortunately, ends with lethal outcome, 83% of which comes from developing countries. In Montenegro, in 2006, 974 women died due to malignant neoplasm. In Europe, 65.000 women suffers cervical cancer, and 32.000 dies a in a year, with a significant increase in incidence and mortality in the last few years with younger population.

During pregnancy, many women experience vaginal infections due weakening of the immune system and changes in hormonal status. The symptoms that accompany this occurrence are common: burning, itching, pain during sexual intercourse and abundant malodorous discharge. Treatment of these infections is essential and must be vigorously and effectively, both for the mother and the fetus, because women are at high risk of serious complications, such as premature birth and miscarriage. This problem requires serious approach.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a universal term referred to herein to collectively denote a series of functional disorders of orofacial structures, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the masticatory muscles in particular. Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders within the observed sample population of the northern part of Kosovo and Metohija, as well as the frequency of signs and symptoms of this type of disorder. Methods: The study involved a sample of 300 subjects, aged 18-30 years. The sample comprised the target student population attending the University of Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica. A random sample, intended for sampling without replacement, was drawn from the target population. All subjects underwent the Helkimo clinical dysfunction index analysis. Results of the analysis were quantified and expressed numerically, based on severity, as the Helkimo anamnestic dysfunction index (Ai) and the clinical dysfunction index (Di) with specific values assigned thereto accordingly. Results: The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders within the observed sample population totaled 50.7% (Di> 0). In the majority of patients a mild form of TMP (67%) was reported. Temporomandibular disorders were more common in women than in men, who appear to be three times as likely to develop the respective condition, demonstrating the ratio of 3:1. The most common TMD signs and symptoms implied mandibular kinetics disturbances (46%) and TMJ sounds (45%). The prevalence of pain during mandibular movements amounted to 9%, the palpable TMJ sensitivity to 20% and the palpable sensitivity of masticatory muscles 18%. Headache and otalgia were represented with 13%, that is, 3% in the observed sample. Conclusion: Temporomandibular disorder analysis demonstrates high incidence in the population of the northern part of Kosovo and Metohija. These findings indicate the need for an extensive prevention, control and treatment of this type of disorder.

Introduction: Tobacco smoke is one of the most important environmental pollutants (ETS). Passive exposure to tobacco smoke is involuntary and it presents a health risk for children. Objective: To establish if there are differences in Peak Expiratory Flow Rates (PEF) values of healthy school children who live in households with and without tobacco smoke. Methods: PEF measurements were taken for 830 school children, from elementary schools in Nis and Laplje Selo. Mesurements were obtained with new peakflowmetars Vitalograf-normal range (EN 13826), 3 to 5 times. The higest values were taken for analysis. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: We considered PEF values for 830 healthy school children, 599 (72.17%) from households with tobacco smoke (ETS), and 231 (27.83%) without ETS. Exposure to parenteral smoking was associated with reduced PEF rates: 312.01 L/min (95% CI=301.38-322.65 L/min), for boys and 284.64 L/min (95% CI=275.73-293.55 L/min), for girls. PEF rates for children from households without ETS are 313.79 L/min (95% CI=295.63-331.93 L/min) for boys, and 302.0 L/min (95% CI=287.02- 316.98 L/min) for girls. PEF rates were significantly lower for girls from households with ETS (p<0.05). Boys, with and without ETS, had no statistically significant differences between their height, weight and age, so their PEF rates could be compared by their absolute values. For girls, this was not the case, and after age, height and weight adjustments their PEF rates showed no statistical significance (p= 0,346). Conclusions: Parental and household smoking were associated with decreased lung function in school age children. Although it's possible to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke in public places, it's important to inform parents about longterm impact of tobacco smoke on the health of their children.

In care of minimal partial edentulism, ie the lack of a tooth, as an alternative method can be used inlay retained adhesive restorations. The aim of this paper is to present possibilities for the application ceramic systems used for adhesive prosthetic restorations. In the making inlay restorations in the region of the posterior teeth can be applied ceramic system of higher strength which can be veneered with translucent ceramics. With the development of adhesive dentistry, it is possible to establish a strong link between restoration and teeth by means of composite cements and thus ensure sustainability of recovery. The clinical procedure is simple, minimally invasive, and provides a glimpse into a way of making inlay retained fixed restorations.

Introduction: Sapho syndorm is a syndrom characterizing with osteoarticular end dermatologic symptoms. Acronym „SAPHO“ means: S-Sinovitis, A-Acne, H-Hyperostosis, O-Osteytis. SAPHO syndrom has a 50 different names in existing literature. For now, etiology remains unclear, but it belongs to group of seronegative spondylarthropathies. Therapy of SAPHO includes NSAIL, glucocorticosteroids, disease modifying anthireumatic drugs (DMARD), antibiotics, bifosfonatos, and anti TNF - alfa drugs with variable success. Case outline: Pacent P.Z, 47 age, female, comes in the hospital, because of pain in anterior chest, with propagation in right arm, end morning stiffness in sacral part, which passes short after. Also, with recidivant pustules on the palms, bilaterally, which precedes itch. Bone scintigraphy was performed: There is a clear increasing binding of radiopharmacs in projection of strenoclavicular joint, and slightly in both shoulders and both knees. HP: Pustulosis palmoplantaris. We introduced in therapy azithromycin in the dose of 500 mg, two times weekly, for 16 weeks. Patient, one year after, is without relapses of arthritis and skin lesions. Conclusion: This report has goal, to get more knowledge about this rare disease, and to be easier for recognition. Also we want to introduce other physicians, of varying specialities, like orthopaedics, and other surguries, with this disease, not only rheuamatologists, dermatologists, and pediatrics.

Herpetic stomatitis as well as many other infections of the orofacial region in everyday practice represent an important percentage of pathology. These diseases can be a major problem for therapists in terms of early diagnosis and, consequently, in determining the correct treatment. The disease belongs to a group of droplet infection, caused by the herpes simplex virus, with characteristic changes in the skin and mucous membrane in children and adults. A relatively small percentage, 10-15% of primary infections are manifested with clinically distinct symptoms. At the oral mucosa occurs triad of symptoms: generalized catarrhal gingivitis, coated tongue and erosions dispersed all over oral epithelium of the oral cavity.

Fibroepithelial polyps of the vulva are specific mesenchymal lesions that are commonly found in the vulvovaginal region in reproductive period and in premenopausal females. We present a case of a 36 year old female, who came for examination because of interruption of unwanted pregnancy. During the examination we revealed a large flank mass on the stalk, which started from the right labia. Tumor formation was measuring 165x120x10mm, soft consistency, painfully insensitive to palpation. The tumor was removed by excision, cutting the stem at the base and the material was sent for histopathological examination. Histopathological findings confirmed that this is a fibroepithelial polyp of the vulva.