Defined daily dose (DDD) is arbitrary chosen technical unit for measuring medicament usage and it is not a recommended therapeutic dose. It is in fact a statistical parameter for monitoring medicaments usage, and it is related to the
dose which is usually prescribed for the indication that the medicament was registered for. The aim of this work is to perform a detailed analysis of the extent and structure of the region of South Backa. According to the obteined data, medicaments
used in treatment of gastroinestinal tract contributed with 15.52 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. Most commonly used are antacids and anti-ulcer drugs (8.14 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day). Medicaments used in treatment of muscular and skeletal
system contributed with 14.30 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic drugs sre used in amounts of 14.18 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. In our country there is no complex survey of drug usage because there is no way of monitor ing which could apprehend all possible information sources. Defined daily dose is not introduced into practical qualitative and quantitative monitoring. It is necessary to make systematic network of information sources to provide for insight into medicament usage

The retrospective study included all patients treated at Clinical Centre in Kragujevac, who needed an acute HD treatment due to vital endangerment, during 2003. The objective of this study was to demonstrate our experiences in treating these patients using central venous catheter. The results of this study show that femoral catheters are dominant (over 95%), with slight using of jugular and subclavial catheters (5%), in spite of the recommendation of the American Association for Renal Diseases to use femoral catheters only for patients supposed to be in hospital during the interval of 5 days. The
frequency of infections in our study (16,6%), coincides with the data of the American Association for Nosocomial Infections (NNIS)[1] (17,8% catheter infections). Gram-positive bacterium from Staphylococci group are the most frequent cause of catheter infections also in our patients

The urgent surgical intervention need great atention in pregnant patients because of vital indication all surgical procedure interffer with pregnancy togheter with general anaesthesia and could cause complication of pregnancy and some times a damage of the foetus. Our study include all surgical procedure as the acute abdomen, trauma and politrauma in pregnant patient. Our aime was to give general anaesthesia which should be safe for mother and foetus.Post-operaative therapy and treatment of patients was done by theam of anaesthesia and gynecologists. The anaesthesia monitoring and surgical procedure have been improved up to the presset day but there are steel present great ricks in a treatment of this type of patients.The criteri in surgical and conservative treatment of pregnant patients was determined in colsultacion anaestetist-gynecologists.

Fibromyalgia presents a great clinical problem. Existence of no objective criteria for diagnosis is the key problem of this disease in the clinical rheumatology. The task of this work was to present the most practical quantification of fibromyalgia in every-day practice. Out of 37 patients there were 29 (78,3%) women, and 8 (21,6%) men. Out of this number there were 3 (8,1%) with primary fibromyalgia, 8 (21,6%) with secondary fibromyalgia, 25 (67,5%) were concomitant, whereas there was only one atypical case, i.e. (2,7%).

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has emerged due to joint efforts and support of the American National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute and the World health Organisation, with the objective of enlightening the major issues regarding COPD, and reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of this disease. An exacerbation of respiratory symptoms requiring hospital treatment is a common clinical manifestation of COPD. The exacerbation is usually induced by an infection of the tracheobronchial tree or air pollution, but in about one third of severe exacerbations the cause remains obscure. Acute COPD exacerbations are effectively treated by the application of inhalatory bronchodilators (particularly β-agonists and/or anticholinergics), teophylline and systemic, especially oral glucocorticoids. The patients with COPD exacerbation presented with the clinical symptoms of a respiratory infection (e.g. increased volume and altered colour of the sputum and/or fever) may benefit from antibiotic treatment. Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV) in acute exacerbations may improve blood gases and pH levels, reduce intrahospital mortality and the need for applying invasive mechanical ventilation and intubation, shortening thus the hospital treatment duration

The surface area of the small intestine is enhanced by three morphologic features that are peculiar to the gut: plicae circulares, the villi and the microvilli. The plicae circulares (circular folds) consist of mucosal/submucosal invaginations that are predominantly located in the duodenum and jejunum. These infoldings are visible on gross inspection. The intestinal villi, finger-like projections that protrude into the intestinal lumen, are approximately 0,5-1,5 mm long and cover the mucosal surface. They can be viewed by close inspection of the mucosa under low-power microscopy. Their microscopic appearance varies: duodenal villi are characteristically broad and leaf-shaped, jejunal villi are tall and thin, and ileal villi are short and broad. The length and shape of the villi also vary with geographic region. At the base of the villi, the epithelium enters the lamina propria and forms the crypts of Lieberkühn, which extend almost to the muscularis mucosae. The microvilli are sub-light microscopic tubular projections that are extensions of the apical cell membrane and compose the brush border. There are the enzymes and receptors in these structures which are required for terminal digestion and absorption

In regulation of specific immune responses the most important role play interleukin-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, inter feron- (INF- ), transforming growth factor- (TGF- ) and lymphotoxin (LT). These signal molecules are produced mainly by T-lymphocytes after recognition of foreign antigens by specific receptors (TCR) placed on plasmalema. Some of mentioned cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of various lymphocyte populations in the activation phase of T cell-de pendent immune responses, while the others activate and regulate the function of specialized effector cells, such as mono nuclear phagocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, to eliminate antigens in the effector phase of immune responses. In con trast to most of cytokines which have stimulating action on an initiation and course of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, TGF- has an inhibitory effect on the activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes and the other leukocyts

Osteoporosis is a condition chracterized by a reduced amount of bone which leads to diminihed physical strength of the skeleton and an increased susceptibility to fractures. There are many causes of osteoporosis but the most common by fair is due to the decrese in the amount of bone which occurs after the menopause, the so called postmenopausal osteoporosis. There is no evidence that postmenopausal bone loss itself causes any symptoms and ensuing osteoporosis has therefore been called «the silent epidemic».

The main goal of this research was to present the mikid generalised reaction in children who suffered from trichophytiae profundae capillitii. After the infection and the inflammation brought on by the direct contact with the sick calves, the intensive mikid reactions occured, that is, the aseptic lesions of the skin. From 149 sick children, hospitalised at the DVC in Priština, 63(42,28%) were with the diagnosis of Kerion celsi. In 7(11,11%) cases trichophytid reactions occured to the animal type of the trichophyton mentagrophytes. The inflammed regions of the kerion produced the secondary bacterial infection with the regionale lymphadenopathy. Two weeks later antibodies and skin rash were produced in response to the infection agents. Early diagnostice and the adequate therapy decreases frequency of the mikid reaction in childrens age

Sindrom X or Metabolic Syndrome are both terms used to describe a collection of herth risks contitions that increase your chance os developing heart disease, stroke and diabetes. The condition is aslo known by other names including insulin Resistence syndrome, and Dysmetabolic syndrome. The number of people with Metabolic Syndrome increases with
age, affecting more than 40 percent of people in their 60 s and 70 s. Components of Metabolic Syndrome are: Abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, insulin resistance, proinflamate state and prothrombotic state. The
National Cholesterol Education Program 's Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATPIII) identified 6 components of the metabolic syndrome that relevate to CVD. Insulin resistance is present in the majority of people with the matabolic syndrome.
It strongly associates is present with other metabolic risk factors and correlates unuvariately with CVD risk. Patiens with
longstanding insulin resistance frequently manifest glucose intolerance. When glucose intolerance evolves into diabetslevel hyperglicemia, independent risk factor for CVD. When 3 of 5 of the listed caracteristics are present, a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome can be made. The exact cause of Metabolic syndrome is not known. Most reserchers believe it is caused by
a combination of your genetic makeup and lifestyle choices-including the types of food you eat and level of physical activity.