By this investigation an attempt has been done to explain the existence of fear in adolescents from stomatological treatment, by appraisal of fear through its two components (congenitive and physiological). Congenitive component of fear,
was followed by written questionnaire before the first stomatologic intervention (by the standard scale of general anxiety). In the investigation participated 100 adolescents. On the basis of analysis of the question mark the adolescents have been
placed into three groups: normal, pathological and increasingly anxious. During third visit (three stomatologic interventions) each patient was recived the placebo (vitamin C one half of the tablet, orally, 30 minutes before start of work of stomatology interventions which were identical, i.e. the sanitation of deep carries). Physiological component (sweating and voice) have been appraised by the method of clinical observation. All parameters were measured before all three stomatologic interventions. In this investigation, in parameters measured by clinical observation happened a diminution of strong small of sweating, trembling voice stammering in occasion of application of placebo therapy

Every anesthesiologist can meet during his/her work with the patients who are suffering from rare diseases and had to be treated with surgical procedures. In a large clinical centers availability of the equipment, mentors and continual professional education are factors that are making performances of anesthesiologist's much easier. Regional hospitals, including our own one, are in much disadvantaged position. Health Center Kosovska Mitrovica is providing health treatment from the territory of Kosovo and Metohija. Due to the limited freedom of movement, these patients have to be treated "immediately and at place". Through the presentation of the case of the patient with Guillain-Barre (GBS) syndrome, we would like to underline a need for the establishment of the informational availability system through Point-of-Care Call on Line Electronic Help (OLEH) programme as it would significantly reduce the incidents related to the injuries and death cases caused by anesthesiologist procedures. Presentation of the case: Female, 42 years of age, a neurological patient with a th number of years of diagnosed illness was accepted on 13 February 2006 at the surgical department due to the abdominal pain, constipation and difficult urination. It was identified and diagnosticallv confirmed that uterus cancer spread out towards the colon, jeopardizing the bladder. It was decided that surgical procedure is reouired. Anesthesiology risk management evaluation started from the introduction with GBS. The case reviled acute inflammatory neuropathy with denivelization as the outcome of the antibodies reaction on the peripheral nerves. Chronically occurred types fas it was our easel, could lead to disruptions in breading, weakening of the muscle structure, areflection, pareses of orofaringealy physique, ophtamoplegy, chvadriplegy and chronical lung hearth. Strategy of the anesthesiological approach within the risk management procedures considered safe guidance of the patient through the pre and post anesthesioloqical period. Problem occurred was related to the limited availability of the professional literature and on-place resources related to the holistic experiences in treatment of this kind of problematic cases. The only sure available guideline was related to the avoidance of the depolarizing relaxants, which we have practiced. Within the work, we have described in details pre. peri and post anesthesiological approaches towards this problem. Conclusion: Recognition of the risk factors and multidisciplinary approach showed efficient during the peri and early post operational period. We have to indicate that development of the basic disease could have been much slower if we had assistance in respect to at-hand available and holistic information's on the rare diseases focused on the anesthesiological treatments. Therefore, it is our opinion that more qualitative system of health insurance has to introduce implementation of the hospital services standards, monitoring of the implementation and establishment of the electronic database. Developed countries such are i.e. USA, France, Italy, etc, have already introduced similar practices aimed to reduce morbidity and mortality among the patients

Falsely negative hysterosalpingographical (HSG) finding presents regular HSG finding, but the laparoscopical is pathological alterations. Falsely positive HSG findings presents pathological HSG finding, but the laparoscopical is regular finding. A high frequency of falsely negative results can be explained first of all by the presence of growths of tissue. It is known that by HSG peritubar adhesions can be suspected, but they can be diagnosed with absolute certainty only laparotomically and laparoscopically. In the period from 01.01. untill 31.12.1998. the falsely negative and falsely positive HSG findings were identified on 60 patients, which were tested by HSG method and laparoscopy. Obtained results are showed ta2 bular and graphically. Statistical data processing is carried out by Mc Nemar test (c MCN test). In the case of the HSG pathological finding, the same pathological finding has been proved in 28 (63,6%) persons, a different pathological finding in 9 (20,5%) and regular finding in 7 (15,9%). The frequency of falsely negative HSG findins is 25,0% and falsely positive HSG findings 15,9%. The frequency of falsely positive findings extends from 14,6%, 17%, 20% to 29,6%. The majority of authors state that the incidence of falsely negative findings ranges from 15,5%, 15,9%, 18%, 20,7%, 22% to 24,0%. The pathological HSG points out to the necessity of laparoscopy, while the regular HSG is not sufficient proof of normal oviducts and the peritoneal factor

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared tuberculosis (TB) a global emergensy in recognition of its growing importance as public health problem. In response to this situation WHO in 1990 was developed new strategy and framework for effective TB control, wich was called „DOTS“. The aims of treatment of TB are: to cure the pation of TB, to prevent death from active TB or its late effects, to prevent relapse of TB, to decrease transmission of TB to others, and to prevent
the development of acqured drug resistance. Antituberculosis drugs (ATD) are antibiotics and synthetic drugs used in the
treatment of tuberculosis and other deases caused by microorganisms of the genus Mycobacterium. The essential ATD are:
isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamid (Z), streptomycin (S), ethambutol (E), and thioacetazone (T). The reserve ATD
are: amikacin (Am), kanamycin (Km), capreomycin (Cm), ciprofloxacin (Cx), ofloksacin (O), cycloserine (Cs), ethionamide (Et), protionamide (Pt), and p-aminosalycilic acid (PAS). The regimen recommended for each patient depends on the
diagnostic category for each patient. There are several possible regimens. ATB treatment regimens consists of two phases:
an initial phase and a continuation phase

Defined daily dose (DDD) is arbitrary chosen technical unit for measuring medicament usage and it is not a recommended therapeutic dose. It is in fact a statistical parameter for monitoring medicaments usage, and it is related to the
dose which is usually prescribed for the indication that the medicament was registered for. The aim of this work is to perform a detailed analysis of the extent and structure of the region of South Backa. According to the obteined data, medicaments
used in treatment of gastroinestinal tract contributed with 15.52 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. Most commonly used are antacids and anti-ulcer drugs (8.14 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day). Medicaments used in treatment of muscular and skeletal
system contributed with 14.30 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic drugs sre used in amounts of 14.18 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. In our country there is no complex survey of drug usage because there is no way of monitor ing which could apprehend all possible information sources. Defined daily dose is not introduced into practical qualitative and quantitative monitoring. It is necessary to make systematic network of information sources to provide for insight into medicament usage

The retrospective study included all patients treated at Clinical Centre in Kragujevac, who needed an acute HD treatment due to vital endangerment, during 2003. The objective of this study was to demonstrate our experiences in treating these patients using central venous catheter. The results of this study show that femoral catheters are dominant (over 95%), with slight using of jugular and subclavial catheters (5%), in spite of the recommendation of the American Association for Renal Diseases to use femoral catheters only for patients supposed to be in hospital during the interval of 5 days. The
frequency of infections in our study (16,6%), coincides with the data of the American Association for Nosocomial Infections (NNIS)[1] (17,8% catheter infections). Gram-positive bacterium from Staphylococci group are the most frequent cause of catheter infections also in our patients

The urgent surgical intervention need great atention in pregnant patients because of vital indication all surgical procedure interffer with pregnancy togheter with general anaesthesia and could cause complication of pregnancy and some times a damage of the foetus. Our study include all surgical procedure as the acute abdomen, trauma and politrauma in pregnant patient. Our aime was to give general anaesthesia which should be safe for mother and foetus.Post-operaative therapy and treatment of patients was done by theam of anaesthesia and gynecologists. The anaesthesia monitoring and surgical procedure have been improved up to the presset day but there are steel present great ricks in a treatment of this type of patients.The criteri in surgical and conservative treatment of pregnant patients was determined in colsultacion anaestetist-gynecologists.

Fibromyalgia presents a great clinical problem. Existence of no objective criteria for diagnosis is the key problem of this disease in the clinical rheumatology. The task of this work was to present the most practical quantification of fibromyalgia in every-day practice. Out of 37 patients there were 29 (78,3%) women, and 8 (21,6%) men. Out of this number there were 3 (8,1%) with primary fibromyalgia, 8 (21,6%) with secondary fibromyalgia, 25 (67,5%) were concomitant, whereas there was only one atypical case, i.e. (2,7%).

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has emerged due to joint efforts and support of the American National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute and the World health Organisation, with the objective of enlightening the major issues regarding COPD, and reducing the morbidity and mortality rates of this disease. An exacerbation of respiratory symptoms requiring hospital treatment is a common clinical manifestation of COPD. The exacerbation is usually induced by an infection of the tracheobronchial tree or air pollution, but in about one third of severe exacerbations the cause remains obscure. Acute COPD exacerbations are effectively treated by the application of inhalatory bronchodilators (particularly β-agonists and/or anticholinergics), teophylline and systemic, especially oral glucocorticoids. The patients with COPD exacerbation presented with the clinical symptoms of a respiratory infection (e.g. increased volume and altered colour of the sputum and/or fever) may benefit from antibiotic treatment. Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV) in acute exacerbations may improve blood gases and pH levels, reduce intrahospital mortality and the need for applying invasive mechanical ventilation and intubation, shortening thus the hospital treatment duration

The surface area of the small intestine is enhanced by three morphologic features that are peculiar to the gut: plicae circulares, the villi and the microvilli. The plicae circulares (circular folds) consist of mucosal/submucosal invaginations that are predominantly located in the duodenum and jejunum. These infoldings are visible on gross inspection. The intestinal villi, finger-like projections that protrude into the intestinal lumen, are approximately 0,5-1,5 mm long and cover the mucosal surface. They can be viewed by close inspection of the mucosa under low-power microscopy. Their microscopic appearance varies: duodenal villi are characteristically broad and leaf-shaped, jejunal villi are tall and thin, and ileal villi are short and broad. The length and shape of the villi also vary with geographic region. At the base of the villi, the epithelium enters the lamina propria and forms the crypts of Lieberkühn, which extend almost to the muscularis mucosae. The microvilli are sub-light microscopic tubular projections that are extensions of the apical cell membrane and compose the brush border. There are the enzymes and receptors in these structures which are required for terminal digestion and absorption