Diabetes mellitus is a typical example for connection betwen sickness of internal organs and the skin. The ratio betwen glycose level in a gram of skin and the amount of glycose in a mililiter of blood is higher in diabetes mellitus then normal. This implies that insulin regulates intracelular distribution of glycose in the skin. It is recessary for the keratinocyt growth and diferentiation, healing of wounds, but also for the fibroblast functioning in the derm. In diabetes mellitus acidofil is lowered, and glycolised colagen is increased, and fibroblasts in the extra produce fibronectin. Skin and visible mucosys infections caused by candida albicans in diabetes patients belong to the group of deseases that could be a consequence of a disbalanced metabolism. They are seen frequently, but not patognomic for these patients, becuse they are also possible in people whose metabolism is normal. Badly controlled or undiagnosed dibetes mellitus is often coupled with candida induced skin deseases. Sometimes candida infections are the first sign of diabetes. Dermatologist is often in position to discover the disease on the basis of skin symptoms, which gives possibility for regulation of the sickness on time and avoid complications. It is known that complications develop slower when diabetes is regulated. Skin alterations in candidiasys and its connection with diabetes are described briefly, with an attempl to explain patogenesys of their apearence.

Ahernia occurs when the contents of a body cavity bulge out of the area where they are normally contained. These contents, usually portions of intestine or abdominal fatty tissue, are often enclosed in the thin membrane that naturally lines the inside of the cavity. Although the term hernia can be used for bulges in other areas, it most often is used to describe hernias of the lower torso (abdominal wall hernias). Hernias by themselves usually are harmless, but nearly all have a potential risk of having their blood supply cut off (becoming strangulated). If the hernia sac contents have their blood supply cut off at the hernia opening in the abdominal wall, it becomes a medical and surgical emergency. Aims of the paper were: 1. to reveal the prevalence of inguinal region hernias (IRH) among all patients being admitted to emergency ward of Surgery Clinic at Gracanica during 2006 and 2. to show treatment efficacy of each surgical methods used. Material and method: Clinical
Center Pristine, Surgery Clinic at Gracanica patients' medical records were analyzed. Prevalence of IRH was monitored during the time frame of 1 year (2006). Basic statistical methods were applied for data analyzing. Results and discussion: During the time observed, 504 patients underwent surgical treatment. Among them, 162 patients (32,14%) were operated on inguinal region hernias. IRHs were more prevalent in males - 146 cases (90,12%) in comparison to 16 cases in females
(9,88%). During the certain time period, IRHs were more prevalent in adults 101 cases (62,35%) than in children 61 cases (37,65%). The vast majority of all operated hernias, belong to group of inguinal hernias 156 cases (96,30%). At the same time, there were only 6 cases (3,70%) of femoral hernias. This observation is in concordance with the data published worldwide inguinal hernias make up 75% of all abdominal wall hernias and occur up to 25 times more often in men than women.
The study, also, revealed incarcerated hernia (part of the intestine or abdominal tissue that becomes trapped in the sac of a hernia) in 6 patients (3,70%) while recurrent hernia was found in 3 patients (1,85%). The most frequently used surgical approaches were: i) Ferrary method in 54 patients (33,33%; ii) Lichtenstein method in 42 patients (25,93%), and iii) Bassini method in 35 patients (22,22%). Postoperative complications were noted in 3 patients (1,85%). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, one may conclude that efficacy of surgical method used in treatment of IRH is in indirect relation with the number of postoperative recidives the higher the number of hernia recurrences, the lower the efficacy of surgical method is

The tests were made at deparment of infertility at the Gynecology and Obstretics Institute of Clinical Center of Serbia in the period from 01.01. untill 31.12.1998. The three hundred patients, on which hysterosalpingography (HSG) was made, and patients, on which chromolaparoscopy was made, were involved by prospectus studies. In the laparoscopy the larger anomalies of the uterus and significant hypoplasy coincide with HSG finding, while hypoplasy in the lower level or uterus arcuatus always can not be established by laparoscopy.The higher frequency of all pathological alterations of the uterus, except the myoma of the uterus, was established by HSG, relating to laparoscopy. Associate pathological alterations were established in the higher percent by HSG than by the laparoscopy, while the single changes were diagnosed in the lower percent.The deficit in the loading of the uterus by the constrast medium, also the changes at the endometrium, could be proved by HSG only. Intravasation can be identified by the both methods. In the diagnosis of the myoma of the uterus, laparoscopy is more important method than HSG.Pathological alterations of the uterus, especially higher anomalies of the uterus and hypoplasy were established in the higher percent by HSG than by the laparoscopy, but statistically the more significant difference was not established in the application of the both methods

Bone tissue infections caused by non-specific agents (non-specific osteomyelitis) occur most frequently among children and young individuals demanding surgical and antibiotic therapy, although with unpredictable clinical outcome. While mobilization of cellular response to infectious agents takes place, a bulk of oxygen-derived free radicals emerge with concomitant participation of various elements of endogenous antioxidative defense. Vitamin C is an endogenous antioxidant active in the aqueous phase. It is very likely that ostoemyelitic patients already have some kind of disorder in specific antioxidant system due to hematogenic origin of non-specific osteomyelitis. Our results show that serum total vitamin C concentrations among patients with non specific osteomyelitis are not significantly different from those obtained among control subjects. However, we found significantly different concentrations of ascorbate, dehyroascorbate and their concentration ratio in serum within osteomyelitic patients that points to enlarged consumption of ascorbate even before the bone localization of infection took place

We tested the performance of telecolposcopy in the diagnosis of various squamous intraepithelial lesions. There were three groups of physicians: Group 1 consisted of 15 gynaecologists who were not trained in colposcopy; Group 2 consisted of six experienced colposcopists (specialists); Group 3 was a supervising team constisting of three experts (colposcopists with more than 15 years of colposcopy experience). The first group took colpophotographs during gynaecological examinations and used a Web browser to compare them with examples from a database of colposcopy findings. Group 2 made their own diagnoses independently. Then the supervising team examined the findings from all 250 patients and made diagnoses that could be considered the ''gold standard''. The findings were identical for Groups 1 and 2 in 219 cases, i.e. an inter- observer agreement of 88%; Cohen's kappa was 0.81. The findings were identical for Groups 1 and 3 in 208 cases, i.e. an inter- observer agreement of 83%; Cohen's kappa was 0.74. The findings were identical for Groups 2 and 3 in 239 cases, i.e. an inter- observer agreement of 96%; Cohen's kappa was 0.93. There was high inter- observer agreement between all participants. However, there were also significant differences in some cases. In the cases of suspected invasive carcinoma, 2 the results showed a significant difference (x =4.8, p < 0,005) because gynaecologists from Group 1 were not sure of their diagnosis and they wanted to obtain a second opinion by referring the decision to a higher level.

Among the Vojvodinian children aged between 3-16, 27,69% have recurrent headaches, 18,83% have nonmigraine and 8,63% migraine headaches. Children aged between 3-7 suffer recurrent headaches in 18,64%, 14,77% nonmigraine and 3,87% migraine. The presence of migraine headaches rises proportionally to aging, more significantly than the presence of non-migraine ones from 2,65% to 11,72% with boys, and from 2,71% to 15,86% with girls. The presence of nonmigraine headaches with children aged 3-16, grows proportionally to age, from 14,0% to 21,15% for boys, and from 14,36% to 24,84% for girls. Migraine with aura makes 25,55%, migraine without aura 67,21% and other migraine headaches 7,23% of the migraine syndromes

Adipose tissue secretes bioactive peptides, termed 'adipokines', which act locally and distally through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signals. Those signals influences the answers of other tissues and organs including hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, sceletal muscles, endotel an immune system. Increased production of most adipokines impacts on multiple functions such as appetite and energy balance, immunity, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, blood pressure, lipid metabolism and haemostasis, all of which are linked with cardiovascular disease. Leptin is a critical mediatorof energy balance that relays information regarding the depletion or accumulation of fat stores to the brain. Althoughmany of leptin's effects result rb from a direct action ofleptin on hypothalamic neurons, the functional leptin receptor(long-form or lep ) is also found on many tissues outside the central nervous system (CNS), including immune cells. Obese individuals seem to be resistantto the hypothalamic effects of leptin (maybe because of defective blood-brain barrier transport), the catabolic pathways designed to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure are not activated and excess body weight is maintained). Adipokines like adiponectin and leptin, at least in physiological concentrations, are insulin sparing as they stimulate beta oxidation of fatty acids in skeletal muscle. The role of resistin is less understood. It is implicated in insulin resistance in rats, but probably not in humans. Adiponectin and resistin are adipocyte-derived polypeptide hormones playing a role in metabolic homeostasis. Their plasma levels are inversely (adiponectin) or directly (resistin) correlated to obesity (and in a patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus) and they have opposite effects on insulin sensitivity. Adipocytes secretes also adipsin, factor B and factor C. In-depth understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular actions of adipokines may, in the coming years, lead to effective therapeutic strategies

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilo sebaceous follicules. The sites involved are the seborrheic areas in sebaceous glands mainly face, upper chest, back and the shoulder areas. The usual types of acne occur puberty. Acne is rare in children and old age. Increase in the activity of sebaceous glands and occlusion of the pilosebaceous orifices are the main factors of acne pathogenesis. Androgens increase the activity of sebaceous gland in both sexes. The usual types of acne occur in some endocrine abnormality and disorders. We analyzed hormones control of the acne and its role in occurrence of acne

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most significant social-medical problems. Having on mind their importance, the risk factors have been defined. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies showed that deficit of magnesium in the human organism has a certain contribution in etiology, pathogenesis and evolution of cardiovascular diseases. RASKO, Rakovica's study of cardiovascular diseases, found out that these diseases are more frequent at the locations where
soft water with decreased content of magnesium is being used as drinking water. Magnesium is an integral part of about 300 enzyme systems in which catalyst's role have adenositriphospathase as Mg-ATP, a part of NaKATP-ase, exogenous and endogenous pumps for calcium, etc. A normal plasmatic concentration of magnesium is 0,8-1 mmol/l. Plasmatic level of magnesium is not directly correlated with actually content in an organism since 33% of plasmatic magnesium is connected with plasma's proteins and that's why hypoproteinemia can cause a false hypomagnesemia. The normal values of magnesemia don't exclude deficit of magnesium in an organism since PTH and calcitonin mobilize magnesium from the bones. Hypomegnesemia is caused by improper and irrational nutrition, hormone disturbances, and different conditions and diseases of an organism. Magnesium has vasodiletatoric, antianginosic, hypolipemic, antiagregatic effects. Mechanism of magnesium's effect is based on its physiological role in an organism, i.e. on correction of hypomagnesemia. In preventive and therapeutic purposes magnesium's compounds are used peroraly and parenteraly. With parenteral use the plasmatic concentrations of more than physiological 2,5-7,5 mEq/l can be attained in which case somnolentia can be appeared but not a coma nor depression of breathing. In prevention and therapy of cardiovascular diseases magnesium has a significant place in the largest number of cases as an adjuvant drug

Gout is a metabolic arthropathy caused by abnormal deposition of crystal histological they are urats (salts) of mononatrium in the joints and periatricular connective tissue. In 70% cases, decreased renal function in urats’excretion is responsible for hyperuricaemya. The other causes are mostly metabolic: increased (take in) of food wich contains mostly meat (purins) and increased synthesis of purin due to defective enzyme system (i.e. Lesch-Nyhan Sy)