Diabetic retinopathy, particularly diabetic maculopathy, are leading cause of visual loss in the world.Purpose: to estimate type of diabetic maculopathy in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Method: hospital based study. 118 patients with diabetic retinopathy underwent complete ophthalmologic examination ( mean age 58,1 years, male 78, female 40; 7% were diabetes type 1 patients; 46% had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 54% had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Results: 88 patients (74% of all) had diabetic maculopathy. The most common type of diabetic maculopathy was diffuse (60% of all patients ), afterward focal (33% patients) ischemic maculopathy (both with PDR) had two patients (3%) and five patients had mixtus (7%) . Conclusions: diffuse diabetic maculopathy is the most common type of maculopathy both in NPDR and PDR

Authors analyse radiological characteristics of different forms of osteomyelitis in the period from 1990. to 1994. on Ortopedic and infective Clinic of Clinical hospital Centre in Pristina. Clinical picture of unspecific osteomyelitis of different forms, tubercular and brucellosis osteomyelitis is presented radiolography, tomography, myelography, fistulography, arteriography, scintigraphy, and computerized tomography. Radiological changes of osteomyelitis of different etiology and clinical picture are presented in detail

In two refugee camps, near K.Mitrovica (in little colliery city), gipsys refugees dislodge by Albanians were temporary located. In their blood, lead contamination is discovered. All together 310 children, 1-14 years old, were contaminated by lead. Examination and treatment is implement by the SZO patronage, which took capillar blood samples from 298 children and vein blood samples from 190 children. Level of lead, in 47 cases was more then 45 microgram./dl. All the children with high level of lead had physical and laboratory tests. Also, they were under special food diet, with a lot of calcium. In 45 cases, per os treatment is used with “Chemet” medication, produced by McNeil-USA.Only in 9 cases, week bad reaction was notice using this medication. In some isolated cases, headache, pain in stomach, sickness and sleepiness. This difficulties didn't required therapy cancelation. Treatment was fully successful except in two cases, where therapy was repeated.

Every time, even ours, has its own «driving forces, starters and breakers». Dr Vladan Djordjevic resided during the very noisy time during the second half of the nineteenth century, known for intensive changes in biology and medicine. Contemporaries noticed peculiar nature of Dr Vladan Djordjevic: clairvoyant, cleverness - «gave more, than many other simple professionals together». If even nowadays the way of how a man thinks is not known, that is logical structuralism and logical functionality of thinking, scholastic is wrong that such a «natural thinking», certainly, enters into cliché. The author applied nine-valence logic and systematic approach. The measures in eradication of diseases which, used to be applied nowadays would be called "general hygienic measures". They didn't have to be sufficiently effective, so the possibility of appearance for some sick stayed, because it would appear in natural system of appendage, few «causative connection», but noticeable less that earlier. The helth ones exposed can be used for prooving cause, which contemporary statistic doesn't use for this purpose. By this, even when we have not existing of statistic importance it points out at the cause; that is, the existence of this one can direct someone to wrong road. The difference in the value of the result of the same event points out at the researches not being orientated and by that cosmopolitan community. Palliative measures made the doctors confused, as it was perfectly noticed by V. Djordjevic - "...he wouldn't make a mistake to prove, how people get sick and die because they are better dressed, better feed, because all their life is better organised than it used to be", although the group progressed by its better working. Multy valence »logic of allowance” as a natural and objective one, used to exist before its observation by logic and science. The result is «clairvoyant and restless spirit» of the future academic Vladan Djordjevic D. M. what is even nowadays desirable. The author concludes that there is one road to discover something (anticipate) by adding importance to «statistic importance»; and the other one, chosen by Dr Vladan Djordjevic by your own ratio (intuition). Although the disease appeared even when the progress is made - he didn't allow: «not to see the whole forest because of one wood», and to underestimate the applied measures. He didn't allow to be deceived by appearing of disease, because the palliative of measurements covers the system: а. When you are not successful, but and b. Even when you are successful - and those have to be separated by contemplation and by no means unifies!

Nitric oxide (NO) is a major messenger molecule that plays key roles in many physiological processes. NO is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to L-citruline and NO. At least three isoforms of NOS have been identified and characterized, namely, neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynytrite, produced from the diffusion controlled reaction betwen NO and another free radical, the suproxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with protein, DNAand lipids via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect radical mediated mechanisms

Search for objective indicators of health state of the population is essential public health issue. First serious attempt of health evaluation of the population were observed in the end of 18. and beginning of the 19. century. In this period of time, description of health population was mostly based on indicators which were based on data of numbers of death. Later, because of significant decrease of infectious disease and improvement of life and work conditions comes to an extension of average life span. Also, comes to a change of conceptualization of health. As a result of all this changes it has been noticed need for consideration of other aspects of health. As a outcome, indicators of disease, disability and non-biological indicators of health (as a approach to health service, quality of health protection, condition of living, life style factors and environment factors) are more and more necessary for documentation of human capacity for physical, mental and social functioning as a objective analysis of health state. To get all the information of all aspects of health which can not be get from health statistics routine data, was started with examination of population health trough interview, respectively polling out representative population sample. Aim of this studies is to get basic information about population health, in manner to supplement the picture of population states, identify health problems and health needs, to get the picture of representations of risk factors among population; to get the picture of health service utility; to find out health disparity among different countries and inside the country, among different population groups; to follow the change of health states during the time; to follow achievement in health strategy; to insure data for people which are creating health politics, in manner to coordinate theirs politics, strategy and programs. This kind of study is taking place every year in many countries and in others periodically. In our country this kind of studies were done during the year of 2000. and 2006

Rituximab is a human/mouse chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the CD20 surface antigen expressed on the cell surface of all preplasma cell stages of B-cell differentiation. By binding to CD20, rituximab causes selective B-cell depletion through antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cell lysis and apoptosis. B-cell depletion is believed to disrupt the many B-cell functions that contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of RTX an anti-CD20 B cell depleting monoclonal antibody in combination with methotrexate (MTX),in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who experienced an inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonists and had active disease despite ongoing treatment with MTX and a TNF inhibitor. ACR responses in RTX treated patients were superior to placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in each group that achieved an ACR20 response at Week 24. Secondary endpoints included ACR50 and ACR70 responses, changes in Disease Activity Score (DAS28), and EULAR response

The tibial and femoral shaft fractures representing prototyp in orthopedic traumatology and great problem for resolving. The speed of limb recovering functionality after surgery is important, and often desicisive for result of treatment. Place of external fixation (EF) in surgical treatment of femurs in DCOS (damage control orthopedic surgery), cominutions of femoral shaft and open fractures, rarely as definitive method. EF in treatment of tibial shaft fractures today take a place as a definitive method like intramedulary nailing. On department of orthopedic surgery in HC Kosovska Mitrovica we examined quality of life and speed of lower limb recovering functionality on 70 patients treated with EF tip Mitkovic as a definitive curative method. The time of achieving early function of lower limbs we divided on 4 levels, and writed time when patients achieved level 3 and 4. Also this timing we compared with middle time of healing tibial or femoral shaft fractures (golden standard) .We examined quality of life with EuroQol 5D evaluation system. 90% of our patient in period 8 to 12 weeks achieved level 3 and 4. There statisticaly significant diference between examined gropu and golden standard, p<0,05. We concluded that EF tip Mitkovic as definiyive curative method improved the speed of lower limbs recovering functionality. Quality of life is very high, 84 points. The number of complications where expected and in proportion with literatures data.

Prepathogenesis of mass occurrence of disease as a complex happening is hiding the “screen”. Social influence remained hidden inside school «25. may», which had as a consequence shown higher distribution of manifested disease. As the main point at performance of events is scientism based on “black box system”. There is uncritical trust in paradigm, statistic methodology there comes “parroting”. Sheltered by screen content of the events, between the enter of the first (sub)system and exit of the final (sub)system the most critical maintain “mixed approach”, with the aim to reveal into the real dynamics by “natural happening of mass disease”, into “driving force” that is causes of self moving - spontaneous genesis of epidemics: a) for mass effects of it is 'natural work' (appropriate according to another effect, with accidentally casual effect of helping of appearance of disease) which contributes coherence and consistence of contagion and man who can get disease - what will result with binary 'causative link'; while the following cause is important b) the appearance of disease: pathogenic of contagion will reflect only after previous appearance of permanent 'immanent causative link'. Reconstitution of epidemic is final act, recapitulation of familiar natural happening of concrete epidemic with anterograde chronology how the event itself happened.

Anxiety disorders are very common illnesses that are reported in approximately one third to one quarter of the entire population during the lifetime. Many anxiety disorders are being reported early in life, they have chronic progress, and cause significant difficulties, interfere in daily life activities and create huge economical expenses. It has been evaluated that 46.6 billion dollars out of 147.8 billion dollars overall mental disorders expenses in US is being spent on anxiety disorders, while in European community those expenses exceed 41 billion Euros. In spite of that, pharmacoeconomical aspects of these illnesses so far drawn much less attention than so called large mental illnesses (schizophrenia, depression), and the reason for that is probably that earlier relatively cheep benzodiazepines were dominantly used in treating anxiety disorders. However, in newer times the anti-depressives became the first choice for anxiety disorders, especially those from the group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). The increase of anxiety disorders prevalence and changes in modern pharmacotherapy create promising research conditions for starting the studies in area of pharmacoeconomics in the world, and in our country