Visual acuity in the patients who suffered from end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) treatment is essential prerequisite of good life quality. PURPOSE: to evaluate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment at the patients on HD. METHOD: 71 patients on HD were assessed with this study. The main outcomes were best corrected visual acuity and primary cause of visual impairment. RESULTS: statistical significance obtained for the followed refraction errors: 42 % of patients had hyperopia (p<0.000; 95% CI 0.36-0.48) and 15% of them myopia (p=0.030; 95% CI 0.11-0.19) as well as low vision (amblyopia) at 6% (p=0.024; 95%CI 0.03-0.09). CONCLUSION: it's necessarily to provide regular monitoring of all patients on HD. Prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment is more often among patients on HD then on general population

Systematic and programmed physical exercise, called training, play a significant role in human health and ability improvement. A moderate physical exercise is considered as a very efficient method of increasing general physical ability and reaching the top results in sport, and simultaneously contributes to health quality of persons having sedentary professions. In active sportspersons, ability of cardiovascular, respiratory and bone-muscle systems are determined by training quality itself. Sportspersons show characteristically better adaptability of neurohumoral system to effort, as well as a higher activity of intracellular enzyme systems. Well-dosed physical exercise has an exceptional influence on human health, above all by regulating cholesterol blood level and electrolyte level of serum, whose minimal change can directly affect human health. This study was aimed to establish quantity and quality of organism response to physical exercise, in regard to level of daily training, by determining lipid fractions level in serum and electrolyte composition of serum. The study involved 50 healthy men in age between 20 and 25, divided into two groups. The first group was composed by physically untrained men, chosen by the random sample method. The other group of subjects was composed by 35 active sportsmen, chosen by direct selection for the best-trained ones among them. In order to reach a submaximal exertion, we used Astrand's test of submaximal exertion on the bicycle-ergometer. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after testing. The following parameters were determined in blood serum: high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglyceride + + 2+ 2+ - content, as well as concentration of sodium (Na ), potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ) and chlorine (Cl) ions. On the base of our research we concluded that physical exercise of submaximal intensity did not lead to any quantitative and qualitative change of lipid fractions in blood serum of untrained persons. Physically inactive persons had higher serum concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol in regard to the investigated sportsmen. At the same time, sportsmen showed a higher HDL content of serum. Physical exertion in sportsmen led to a significant rise of triglycerides and highdensity lipoproteins content of serum, and the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins did not changed + ++ significantly. Physical exertion of submaximal intensity in both studied groups caused a significant increase of Na , Ca and ++ + - Mg ion concentration, while concentration of K and Cl ions did not changed significantly. Numerous clinical studies showed that moderate aerobe exercise amplifies endothelial function and reduces cardiovascular risk

Old age can be defined as a variety of changes in structure and function which begin at the stage of reproductive maturity, and that changes are manifested as a lesser ability of adaptation and lesser way of defending from the influence of outside and inside factors. Neurons of sympathetic trunk, as well as the other neuron cells, are changeable during the life. Neurobiological, old age begins at the time of birth, because the number of neurons is not increasing, it's only getting lower, which means that neurons are post mitotic cells. The process of old age is increased with some degenerative changes at some diseases and its hard to know what belongs to, so called, physiologic way of getting old and what is pathologic. Concentration of lipofuscin in cells (pigment of old age), is the parameter for physiologic old age of a person. Concentration is changeable, and it depends from the tissue or the organ, concentration is controlled by the internal regulatory factors and the factors of environment as the way of nutrition, physical activity, stress and hygienic factors.

The aim of work was to find out whether multiparity led to increased morbidity and mortality of mothers multyparous. Special attention was paid to appearance of diseases among mothers, both those developed during pregnancy and immediately after delivery. Multiparity is especially characteristic of women of Albanian nationality. Thus it is obvious that there is a reverse proportion between multiparous women and level of education the higher level of education is the smaller is the number of previous deliveries. There is a significant difference in apsolute number of deliveries according to the place of living in favor of rural residence. Number of both EPH gestoses (Eclampsia, pre-eclampsia) and indications for Caesarian section is increasing with multiparity. Abruption of normaly inserted placenta is significantly more frequent among multiparous women. It is obvious that multiparous women more frequently have bleedings during third and forth delivery period. There were also a large number of hysterectomies during delivery (75). Death rate of women is significantly increasing with multiparity. Eclampsia is the cause of death among more than half of all women. Resuming all data the autor is pointing out that grand multiparity, giving birth to more than six children, is, mfom medical point of view, an increased risk both for a newborn and a pregnant woman. Perinatal motality and morbidity is increased and high risk during pregnancy, delivery and puerperium is simultaneously rising until the pregnant woman's life is seriously endangered

After beeing liberated from the Turkish rule and establishing autonomy (self-gaverment ) serbian elite with big steaps theadet toward developing: social, economical and political lise in Serbia. About had time started to rise and developt official medical servis in principality of Serbia, under it's wing started to originate and medical biocemistry. The gool of this study is to point out and shear new light on istory of medical biohemistry in Serbia using adecvate literure and un publiehed archive documentacion

Rituximab is a human/mouse chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the CD20 surface antigen expressed on the cell surface of all preplasma cell stages of B-cell differentiation. By binding to CD20, rituximab causes selective B-cell depletion through antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cell lysis and apoptosis. B-cell depletion is believed to disrupt the many B-cell functions that contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of RTX an anti-CD20 B cell depleting monoclonal antibody in combination with methotrexate (MTX),in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who experienced an inadequate response to one or more TNF antagonists and had active disease despite ongoing treatment with MTX and a TNF inhibitor. ACR responses in RTX treated patients were superior to placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in each group that achieved an ACR20 response at Week 24. Secondary endpoints included ACR50 and ACR70 responses, changes in Disease Activity Score (DAS28), and EULAR response

Arteriovenous graft are the most frequent alternative to the arteriovenous fistula. Although arteriovenous grafts 'mature' fasterthan endogenous fistulas, at least 3 weeks are needed before the first puncture to allow endothelialization of the internal wall. Implantation of arteriovenous graft is foreign material, are subjected to a high risk of thrombotic and infectious complications.

Important facts about recombinant human factor VIIa have been mentioned, also about the renal cell carcinoma. Case report: Male, aged 69, with infiltrative renal cell carcinoma, underwent radical nephrectomy using Hasagawa`s approach. Extirpated tumor had 35 cm in diameter. During the surgery, patient suffered a cardiac arrest with 3500 ml blood loss. After operation, he lost 2100 ml more blood. Despite of active blood supstitutions with intensive surgical attempts in order of haemostasis, bleeding did not stop untill the application of rFVIIa (300 I. U.). Patient survives and recovers completelly. Conclusion: RFVIIa is very succesful in controling of massive surgical bleeding, possibly associated with paraneoplastic syndrome.

Every situation where an experienced anesthesiologist needs more than 10 minutes or three tries for putting the endotracheal tube is considered as difficult intubation. Frequency of difficult intubation in pregnant women is three to ten times bigger than general surgical population. This case report shows that it is necessary to have passable respiratory tract in case of difficult intubation in order to keep in life a woman who needs to be done Caesarean section and save mother and a newborn

Heart insufficiency is frequent and important complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Aim of this work was to estimate frequency, haevyness and course of heart insufficiency in patients with AMI who were different treated in initial phase of AMI, based on what they were separated in three different therapeutic groups: group treated with thrombolytic therapy, group treated with beta-blockers and group treated with nitrates. It was shown that time of admission and condition of patient in moment of admission is the key factor for choise of therapy but using of therapy making less frequency and heavyness of heart insufficiency while for cases with most difficult forms of insufficiency of heart as a pump thrombolytic therapy is practically only posible choice