The origin of ophthalmic artery (OA) and surrounding structures was investigated in 25 cadavers by three different methods: macroscopic, stereomicroscopic, and histological observations. The following results were obtained. In 42% of the specimens the origin of the OAwas observable in the cranial cavity and defined as the intradural type, running alongside the optic nerve within the subarachnoid space. The other 58% were named the extradural type of the OA, originated within the cavernous wall or cavity, and entered directly the optic dural sheath, thus no part of the OA was visible in the cranial cavity. OApassed through the optic canal within the dural sheath of the optic nerve. In 44% of our specimens the OAwas on the inferomedial side of the optic nerve at the entrance point to the optic canal. OAleft the optic canal at its lateral border in the apex of the orbit in 72% of our specimens. For descriptive purposes the intraorbital course of the ophthalmic artery has been divided into three parts. The first part usually runs along the infero lateral aspect of the optic nerve. The second part crosses over (in 88%) or under the optic nerve running in a medial direction. The third part extends medially to its termination. These anatomical data may provide important information for understanding the variety of the pathology in this region and is also useful for designing operative strategies.

An anonimous poll was conducted, which included pharmacists employed in state and private pharmacies from Novi Sad, Backa Palanka, Bac, Temerin and Odžaci (South Backa district). The group polled was a representative sample compared to the overall pharmacists number. The poll was conducted due to the fact that routine health statistics does not provide enough representative data on drug accessibility to patients and to try to answer how administrative limits interfere with the choice of medicaments. Obtained results suggest that the biggest problem is the lack of A list medicaments, so the patients are forced to buy medicaments in private pharmacies or even in the neighboring countries. The majority of the pharmacists polled are of the opinion that the participation in state pharmacies is low. There are no significant differences in the opinion of the pharmacists from both state and private pharmacies concerning the medicament consumption, both groups are of the opinion that we are facing excessive medicament consumption, above the real need.

Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder whose primary feature is abdominal obesity, which is associated with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and glucose tolerance disorders. The goal was, determine BMI in subjects with metabolic syndrome and people with normal body weight, take anthropometric parameters (waist and hip circumference, and calculate WHR and WSR index) to assess the average degree of nourishment and body fat distribution. The research was conducted in Gracanica Health House. The study group consisted of 130 subjects that met the criteria for metabolic syndrome. The control group consisted of 40 randomly selected subjects during medical check-ups. The study group was dominated by female with 83. 08%, followed by 16. 92% of male subjects, with the average age of subjects being 56. 32 years. The average BMI index of the study group was 32. 22 kg/m², which indicates first-degree obesity, while the average BMI index of study group subjects was 24. 67 kg/m², which is within the normal nutrition range. By comparing the average values of anthropometric parameters, we established that the study group subjects had statistically significantly higher average body weight parameters (waist-to-hip ratio p<0,001), while the control group subjects had a higher average of body height (p<0,001). In both, study and control group, male subjects had a normal WHR, which is not the case with women. Therefore, there was a statistically significantly higher number of women with pathological WHR (p<0,001) than of men in both groups. The study group had a statistically significantly higher number of subjects with pathological WHR (p<0,001). The average WSR value (waist/BH) is statistically significantly higher in the control group (p<0,001). Obese individuals had significantly higher values of measured anthropometric intraabdominal fat indicators compared to normally nourished people. 

The metabolic syndrome is characterized by a group of metabolic risk factors causing type 2 diabetes (DM2) and cardiovascular diseases. At the heart of this pathogenic disorder is insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is often accompanied by diseases of the gallbladder (chronic inflammations and calculosis). The goal of our study was to observe the changes made on the gallbladder with patients diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome, specifically the presence of calculosis and cholecystitis. The study involved 130 patients with the metabolic syndrome and 40 healthy subjects, all of which were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography. Gallbladder calculosis was found in 36,92% subjects of the study group and 12,50% subjects of the control group, resulting in a statistically considerable difference (p<0,001). The results of our study indicate a significant presence of biliary calculosis as one of the manifestations of the metabolic syndrome on the biliary system.

Leptin was discovered in 1994, finding, that marked the beginning of a new understanding about white adipose tissue. Up to end of 20th century this tissue was viewed as an inert tissue, devoted to body protection from heat loss and to passively store energy. This static vision, changed with identification of the product of the gene obese (ob) wich accentuated the role of adipose tissue in the physiopathology of obesity-linked diseases, and led to the discovery of various adipokines, many of a pro-inflammatory nature. With emerged knowledge of (WAT)-derived adipokines, it is obvious that they can be now considered as the bond between obesity-related environmental causes, such as nutrition and lifestyle, and the biochemical shifts that lead to metabolic syndrome, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions, and rheumatic diseases. This paper deals with reviews of recent adipokine research, with particular emphasis to the role of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin in chondrocyte function and skeleton, as well as in inflammatory and degenerative cartilage joint diseases.

Bronchial asthma is the syndrome, characterized with chronic inflammation, hyperreactivity and obstruction of the respiratory pathways, accompanied with consequential symptoms and remodeling of the respiratory pathways. Application of inhaled corticosteroids accompanied with appropriate education of patients, significantly improve therapeutic treatment and outcome of the asthma. But, improvement of the lung function and patients subjective state is remarkable better yif inhaled corticosteroids are combined with adrenergic â2 agonists, than if the dose of inhaled corticosteroids is increased. So, according to Global initiative for asthma and clinical results long acting adrenergic â2 agonists in combination with inhaled corticosteroids are most efficient in asthma treatment and establishment and conservation of bronchial asthma control. 

Although there is generally world trend in decreasing of number of smokers, expecially in developed part of world, smoking cigarettes still have large importance in morbidity and mortality of modern human population. Taking anamnestics data about smoking habit instruct anaesthesiologist to apply special strategy in general anaesthesia for a reason of possible complications provoked bby a chronic influence of nicotin and other tobbaco ingredients on different organs. In this article we wanted to examine influence of chronic tobbaco smoke exposing on arterial oxygen saturation SaO2 during and short period after general anaesthesia. Research was evaluated on patients in Emergency Center of Clinical Center of Serbia. Patients were divided in two groups (ASAI and II): group I smokers (n=40) and group II nosmokers (n=40). Our investigation has shown no statistical significant difference on SaO2 during general anaesthesia between two experimental groups. Immediately after general anaesthesia and extubation in postoperative period SaO2 dicreases (p<0.001) during transport from operating room to recovery room in both groups of patients,but the level of hypoxemia was significantly higher in smokers group. In this study we demonstrated that tobbaco smoking corellate with postoperative decrease of SaO2 after general anaesthesia, proposing an additional oxygen therapy in early postoperative period.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme present in the primary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) participate in oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of these cells. During the course of bacterial meningitis plenty of PMNs leave blood vessels and migrate to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space, and some of their MPO may become, extracellular. MPO activity in control CSF is low (Me = 0.5 U/L), comparing with patients CSF samples of all three groups of proteinorrachia where elevated values were found already on admission (3.5 U/L, 5.0 U/L and 12.0 U/L, respectively), with highest values found during second lumbal punction (5.5 U/L, 7.5 U/L and 14.0 U/L, respectively). Poor correlation was found between albumin quotient and MPO activity CSF/serum, but significant correlation between MPO in CSF and CSF PMNs count.

Exudative age-related macular degeneration is leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. Subfoveal localisation of choroidal neovascular membrane is the most difficult form for treatment. At the last three years, the new group of agens well-known as anti-VEGF agens was approved for treatment of exudative AMD. In that purpose, intravitreally administrated agens is recommended. Efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF agens were proved in short-time follow up period.

Aim of this study was to determine characteristics and correlation between basic anthropometric and spirometric parameters in athletes of different sports and non sportsmen. Measurements were conducted on 140 male and female athletes: volleyball, basketball, soccer, handball players, runners, VESLACI and 60 non sportsmen, 30 female and 30 male. All measurements were conducted in the Laboratory for functional diagnostics at the Department of Physiology, Medical School, Novi Sad. BMI values were normal for all athletes except in handball players, whose average BMI was 25.70+/-2.35 2 kg/m . Average values of body fat percent (BF %) were significantly higher in female athletes, the lowest values were measured in female runners (determined by both methods anthropometry, bioimpedance), while in the group of male athletes the highest body fat was found in basketball players. Statisticaly significant gender difference was found for all anthropometric parameters. Athletes have significantly lower values of BMI and BF% compared to non sportsmen, and males compared to females. Those gender differences are the result of sex determined diferences in body fat distribution, and different length of sports activities. BMI is not a good predictor of body fat content in athletes, because it's high values indicates masculinity rather than fatness. Spirometric parameters show significantly higher values in athletes of both sexes, because ventilatory function is expected as an effect of chronic adaptation on training. Correlation differences between anthropometric and spirometric parameters can be explained by the age differences in our participants and the length of their sports activities.