Evaluation of population health condition is a basic mode of collecting health condition and health needs data of a population. Evaluation of population health condition is a base of contemporary health care and health service as well as health improvement and further health system development. In order to gain information on all (physical, psychological and social) health aspects, one has to go beyond health care system and consider objective health condition indicators gained by routine health statistics along with subjective information for creation an image of health condition, that is to say data collected from citizens themselves. This is significantly important when health condition data are sparse, as this is the case with health marginalized groups such as refugees and displaced persons. Value of data collected in this way is in the fact that they refer to determinants defining health, such as social-economical status, life style, education, employment, quality and availability of health care. The aims of this research is to establish how refugees, housed in refuge camps in the North Kosovo and Metohija, evaluate their health and what are the most common health problems of this population. The research was undertaken as a study of a standard representative sample of the adult refugees housed in the refuge camps in the North Kosovo and Metohija. It involved 109 surveyed people. The questionnaire, used for Health Examination in the Republic of Serbia adapted to local conditions, was utilized as a research instrument. The data were processed by descriptive statistics methods 2 and ÷ test was used in the means of data analyzing. More than a half of the surveyed (55.1%) answered that their health condition was good and very good. There is a great difference in health self-evaluating regarding age, marital status, education, the year when they arrived to current domicile. Less than two thirds (65.2%) of the surveyed in the refuge camps in North Kosovo and Metohija claimed that they suffer from some mentioned chronic illnesses. 

Chemical injuries of the eye i.e. causoma means 4% up to 10% of all ocular trauma cases. Purpose: to determinate basic socio-epidemiologic characteristics of patients who has been hospitalized due to causoma. Method: prospective case control study carried on 54 patients who havå been treated at Department of Ophthalmology Health Center K.Mitrovica and Clinic of Eye Disease in Nis. Results: in total, 40 male and 14 women were injured (mean age 41.8 years). The bricklayers, painters and construction-workers are the most frequent injured. Injuries caused by alkalis were significant prevailing in relation to those caused by acids (64.8% vs. 35.2). Monocular causoma were almost twice more frequent. Accident as a manner of injury was in 96.3% of all cases. Men were injured by caustic lime and sulphuric acid while women were injured by sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and acetate acid. More serious clinical appearance had a patients with injuries caused by explosion of accumulator because of associated mechanical injuries of the eye.

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a myocardial disease, often familial, that is characterised pathologically by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium, and clinically by ventricular arrhythmias of right ventricular origin which may lead to sudden death, mostly in young people and athletes. The term "dysplasia" was originally used to describe an entity that was considered to be the result of a developmental defect of the right ventricular myocardium.

Degenerative diseases are no inflammatory diseases intervertebrales discus, joints and ligaments vertebrae with subsequent changes in the bony spine structures. Degenerative diseases are very common and lumbar syndrome is most of them common. Because large disability that gives not only a medical but also social and economic problem. Starting of these facts here, work is set purpose,to the overall context of the diagnosis,differential diagnosis of degenerative lumbar sindrom. This is a complex problem that requires a great effort, expertise and modern diagnostic procedures in clinical rheumatology, which is outstanding problem in practice. We hove processed 55 patients with chronic low back pain and 20 patients with chronic low back pain and other etiology. With history, clinical examination, laboratory analysis, Rtg recordings,and other additional analysis (EMG,CT,MRI) that dodge tried to make the diagnosis and successful treatment.

Introduction: Delivery with foetus in breech presentation carries a dilemma for obstetrician concerning the method of choice which would be the best for the foetus and the mother. Goal: The aim of this study was to analyse the frequency of breech presentation, mode of delivery and the methods of manual assistance concerning the Apgar score of the children at delivery. Method: Study involved all women with a child in breech position who gave birth in the Institute for Gynaecology and Obstetrics of the Clinical Centre of Serbia in Belgrade during the period of six years. Results: Frequency of the breech presentation in the investigated period was 4.5%. In the last three years children in breech presentation are delivered more often by caesarean section (2.7-3.1%) than vaginally (1.6-1.7%). In vaginal deliveries manual assistance by Bracht/Lowset was performed most often- in 70.5%. At the second place is manual assistance by Bracht- in 18, 2%. Feet extraction of the foetus is performed in 4.4% of deliveries. The frequency of Smeli-Veit assistance is 6.7%, while the Forceps was used in 0.3% of cases. High Apgar score from 8-10 have foetuses born using the methods of assistance by Bracht/Lowset and Bracht (83 85%) with high statistical significance in comparison with other three methods of manual assistance (p<0.001). There is no statistical significance concerning Apgar score between the methods of Bracht/Lowset and Bracht (p=0.59). Conclusion: By using the adequate manual assistance which is the least traumatic for the foetus we achieve better postnatal prognosis. 

The combination of aspirin and ticlopidine has been proven to reduce the frequency of haemorrhagic and vascular complications after coronary artery stenting, but also can cause serious hematological side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and interactions aspirin and ticlopidine on hematological variables. Thirty two Wistar rats were divided in four groups and they received intraperitoneal one of the following treatments for 4 days: group I - control, group II aspirin (50 mg/kg BM), group III - ticlopidine (125 mg/kg/day) and group IV - aspirin+ticlopidine combination (50 mg/kg/day+125 mg/kg/day). Hematological variables were determined at once after taking the sample of blood. Relationship between measured variables was determined by calculating linear correlation coefficient (r). The hematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell were significantly decreased in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination compared to control (p< 0,05). Neutrophil and platelet count weren't significantly different in treated groups, but were slightly decreased in groups treated with ticlopidine and aspirin+ticlopidine combination. Between hematocrit and platelet count in control group of rats was noticed negative and medium correlation (r=-0,41), in groups treated with ticlopidine and aspirin+ticlopidine combination positive and medium correlation (r=0,52; r=0,69). Based on obtained results it can be observed significant decreased hematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cell in group treated with aspirin+ticlopidine combination. The negative correlation between hematocrit and platelet count in control group becomes positive after the treatment with ticlopidine alone and aspirin+ticlopidine combination.

Without a knowledge of how drugs are being prescribed and used, it is difficult to suggest measures that would support rational use of drugs and improve prescribing habits in hospitals. In our work we analyzed utilization of antibiotics for systemic use at the Surgical Clinic of the Clinical Hospital Centre - Pristina in Gracanica in 2007. and 2008. on the basis of dispensing records of drugs issued from the Central Pharmacy to the Surgical Clinic for those two years. Antibiotics were distributed according to ATC classification, and antibiotics' utilisation was expressed in number of defined daily doses used per 100 patient-days (DDDs/100 PD). We analized qualitative and quantitative participation of different groups of antibacterials for systemic use. Òhe results of our study were in accordance with available results of similar studies in our country and in the neighbouring environment

Introduction/Aim. +Gz acceleration is unique dynamic stress to organism. Development of this occurrence depends not only to magnitude of acceleration but to onset rate and duration too (1). The most of former researches pointed to +Gz stress as significant stress to basic physiological mechanisms like cardiovascular and respiratory system. The aim of our study was to examine responses of neuroendocrine and immune system to +Gz stress. Method. Examination was performed in two inbred strains of rats Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA). AO, n=45 and DA, n=60, male, 9-11 weeks old. Experimental animals were subjected to the Test of linear increase of +Gz acceleration (peak 7G, onset rate 0.1 g/s) at the Institute of aviation medicine of Military Medical Academy. Before examination, animals fasted 24 hours. Control group were rats which did not subjected to +Gz acceleration. After the animals were sacrificed we punctured blood from abdominal aorta to examine plasma and serum and extirpated thymus and spleen to be examined, too. In wish to examine effects of +Gz stress to polarization of Th immune response we determined concentrations of cytokines (IFN-ã and IL-4) in the culture of spleen cells. Results. The level of cytokines in the culture of spleen cells stimulated with Con A, isolated from animals (experimental and control group) 3 and 24 hour after +Gz exposure and level of cytokines determined in supernatants, showed statistical significance as it presented on the graphics. Conclusion. According to our research obtained on animals we can conclude that +Gz acceleration in the early period (after 3 hours) decreased IFN-ã in the culture of spleen cells. AO rats showed difference compared to DA rats in reaction to +Gz stress. AO rats had increase in IL-4 in the culture of spleen cells and higher decrease of IFN-ã and emphasized polarization of Th1/Th2 in course to Th2. After 24 hours of exposure to +Gz stress we observed increase of IFN-ã (DA) and increase of IL-4 (AO).

Biological equality assessments are carried out by means of: a) comparative pharmacokinetic study; b) comparative pharmacodynamic study; c) controlled comparative clinical experimentation; d) comparative in vitro assay (dissolution test). The first method mentioned, i.e. determining the concentration of a drug in the blood of healthy volunteers, is the most accurate and most frequently employed. In this paper, a study conducted on healthy volunteers that displays the possibility of evaluating biological equality using pharmacodynamic variable data, giving the example of such assay of retard tablets of verapamil produced by two different companies, is presented. Taking into account the effects of this drug, biological equivalence was proved by comparing pharmacodynamic variables such as PR interval, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Background: In hernia inguinal regions that are usually on the front wall of the belly may appear epigastric, umbilical and postoperative (incision-ventrale) hernia. Incision (postoperative-ventral) hernia is the kind of hernia that occurs in the area before surgical incision made through the entire thickness of the abdominal wall. Purpose: The aim of this paper is to indicate the frequency incision, epigastric and umbilical hernia, and the validity of some methods used in surgical treatment. Materials and methods: The making of the material used Surgical Clinic KBC Pristina in Gracanica. This prospective study we included 107 (3.43%) patients with hernia abdominal front wall, which were operated in the Surgical Clinic from 2003- 2009th year. Results and discussion: the anterior abdominal wall hernia, are recorded in 48 (44.86%) male patients and in 59 (55.14%) female patients. Age is of great influence on the frequency of anterior abdominal wall hernia, because we have the largest number of hernia 45 (43.14%) recorded in patients older than 61 years. Free hernia we found in 68 (63.55%) and hernia incarcerate of 39 (36.45%) patients. Incision (postoperative) we found a hernia in 44 (41.12%), umbilical in 36 (33.65%) and epigastric of 27 (25.23%) patients. Postoperative hernia is most often occurring after longitudinal laparotomia. We have them registered in 19 (43.18%) patients with infraumbilical, in 10 (22.72%) with supraumbilical, in five (11.36%) with subcostal, with four (9.09%) with transrectal, at two (4.55%) with pararectal laparotomia, in two (4,55%) patients after lumbotomia made with two (4,55%) after Phanensthil incision. The treatment of the anterior abdominal wall hernia in 72 (67.21%) patients, we used prolen net, while in 35 (32.79%) patients made plastic abdominal wall. Drainage was used in 62 (57.94%) operated patients. In 78 (72.90%) patients applied the prophylactic dose of antibiotics, while in 29 (27.10%) patients applied therapeutic dose. The length of treatment of patients who applied prophylactic dose of antibiotics was 2.48 days and length of treatment of patients with therapeutic dose applied was 4.82 days. Prospective studies of patients in the postoperative complications are recorded in four (3.74%) patients. We had wound infection in two (1.87%) and recidive hernia in two (1.87%) patients. Conclusion: This surgical method, when it comes to herniotomia, a direct comparison with the number of postoperative recurrence. Implantation of mesh has found its place and it is a revelation in the resolution of abdominal wall hernia.