When pulp tissue gets exposed, therapy procedures are supposed to promote healing and to ease forming of reparative dentin in order to preserve vitality and health of the pulp. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) procedure includes removal of the local irritants as well as application of protective materials directly or indirectly on tooth pulp. Vital pulp therapy may be used for the treatment of the reversible pulp diseases in order to promote root development and to form apical region which will ensure correct endodontic tooth treatment in later stages. There are numerous controversies concerning vital pulp therapy but mostly related to the choice of the materials, correct technique and evaluation of the final therapy results. The goal of the experimental research is to use scanning electron and polarized microscopy to analyze modifications on cellular and extracellular components of the tooth pulp after direct and indirect overlaying with materials on the calcium hydroxide basis (Calcimol VOCO USA). We will also determine the appearance of dental surface after direct and indirect overlaying and if Calcimol proves good and effective in dentinogenesis, we will propose it for clinical usage. Research has been conducted on experimental animals (pig). Materials used in this research were on calcium hydroxide - base, Calcimol. V class preparation has been applied on the teeth of the experimental group. Eleven teeth have been overlaids directly and the same number of teeth has been overlaid indirectly. After the preparation, materials based on calcium hydroxide have been applied and cavity has been closed with materials from the glass ionomer cement group (FUJI IX GC Japan). Teeth that were treated with pulp perforation had their chambers filled with materials on calcium hydroxide-base and their cavities were closed with glass ionomer cement (FUJI IX GC Japan). Correctly prepared teeth have been observed with SEM and polarization microscopes. Observing and analyzing of the results with polarization and scanning electron microscope in comparison with control group showed that gained results may have significant clinical implication in biological pulp treatment. Directly applied Calcimol observed through polarization microscope points to intensive changes in blood vessels and beginnings of erythrocyte disintegration, distinct extravasation, and appearance of the small necrotic spots. SEM analyzes shows contact of the amalgam-Calcimol without new amorphous dentinal structures. Indirectly applied Calcimol observed through polarization microscope points to newly formed dentinal structures, calcification cores surrounded by huge cells and blood vessels presence. SEM analyzes shows clear border between newly formed dentinal tubules and ordinary dentinal structure. Gained results suggest application of the Calcimol as a material for indirect pulp overlay while its application in indirect overlay isn’t indicated.

Existence of stress at workplace leads to the occurrence of occupational burnout among miners. OBJECTIVE is testing of influence of stress on occupational burnout among miners. METHODS The research was designed as a cross-sectional study and covered 345 subjects, which were classified into three groups: two investigated groups, consisting of Miners A (142), Miners B (147) and Control group (56) consisting of administrative workers. The research was conducted in the Health Center ZveĆan, in the Medical Laboratory Service in ZveĆan and at the Institute of Occupational Medicine in Niš. The following questionnaires were used in the study: Questionnaire on basic sociodemographic indicators of respondents, Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and Occupational stress assesment questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS The study of the presence of stressors in the workplace compared to the examined groups showed that a large number of stressors were evident, with the average value of all stressors at miners 2.60 ± 1.02, which is significantly above the average value of all stressors in the control group 1.85 ± 1.02. Above the total average of all stressors 2.60 ± 1.02, there is a large number of stressors. All stressors statistically significantly higher in miners compared to the control group (p <0.001) and the values of each individual stressor in the control group are below the average values of all stressors in miners (2.60 ± 1.02). High burnout level is present in 50.70% of Miners A, 46.90% of Miners B and 16.10% of Control group subjects. It was found that there is a statistically significant difference in the incidence of high burnout in relation to the investigated groups (p <0.001). DISCUSSION There is a large number of stressors among miners and their average value is significantly above the average value of all stressors in the control group. The stressors are both quantitatively and qualitatively different in relation to the control group. A large number of high-strength stressors significantly increases the probability of stress in both groups of miners and contributes to the occurrence of occupational burnout. There is a high exposure to stress among miners, and the impact of stress on occupational burnout has been proven in a large number of research in different professions. This was also confirmed in miners, among whom high exposure to stress led to high occupational burnout, which is statistically significant in relation to the control group. CONCLUSION The results of the study showed that there are a large number of stressors in the miner groups, that the average value of all stressors in miners is significantly above the average value of all stressors in the control group, that there are a large number of stressors that are in strength above the total average of all mining stressors and that all stressors are statistically significantly higher in miners than in the control group. The strongest stressors are most important for stress, and the presence of a large number of stressors above the total average of all stressors not only increases the probability of stress, but also proves a great deal of stress, but also contributes to the intense occurrence of occupational burnout. The results of the study have shown that high burnout is present in about 50% of miners in both mines and that there is a statistically significant difference in the incidence of high burnout in relation to the control group. Occupational stress affects occupational burnout among miners.

The presence of regional metastases of laryngeal cancer differs depending on the location of the tumor and has an influence on the overall survival. The aim of this work is to analyze the frequency and characteristics of regional metastases T1 and T2 of laryngeal carcinoma in relation to the primary tumor location, and their effect on the overall survival. A retrospective study, conducted in the period between 2002 and 2012, that analyzed 445 patients who were surgically treated for laryngeal cancer of T1 and T2 category. The first group consisted of 397 patients without regional metastases, while the second group consisted of 48 patients with regional metastases. A three-year survival is followed, as well as the testing of potential predictors of outcomes by methods of regression. Regional metastases were present in 3.1% of patients with glottic carcinoma of T1 and T2 category, while 43.5% of patients with T1 and T2 supraglottis carcinoma had regional metastases. In the group with regional metastases, there is no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of extracapsular extension in relation to the tumor location, p = 0.7027. The three-year survival rate of patients without regional metastasis is 93.95%, while the survival of patients with regional metastases is 68,75%, p = 0.000. The tumor location (95% CI -1.4716 to -0.0497, P = 0.0369), and the presence of regional metastases (95% CI -1.6300 to -0.0253, P = 0.0443), were identified as predictors of outcomes by multifactorial analysis. Regional metastases in T1 and T2 laryngeal cancer are more common in patients with supraglottic carcinoma. The presence of regional metastases significantly reduces the three-year overall survival.

Healthy nutrition in childhood is of major importance for maintenance of health in adults. Early detection of nutritional status impairments in children is directed toward prevention of chronic non-contageous diseases. Obesity in children is reported as the most important public health problem in pediatrics in developed countries. The aim of this study was to established the frequency of overweight and obesity, as well as blood pressure levels in population of 4-years aged children. This study enrolled 125 children aged 4 years. The survey was conducted during their regular systematic exams. Nutritional status was estimated from standard antrhropometric measurements. Data regarding nutritional habits, as well as physical activity were collected from parents, using questionnaire. 67,2% of childred were normaly nourished, 19,2% were overweight, 10,4% were obese, and 3.2% undernourished. Average values of body weight on birth were similar, regardless of nutritional status and gender, as well as actual BMIs o parents. Sedentary activities were the most frequent in overweight children of both gender, which is statisticaly significant when compared to normally nourished (2,61 # 1,36 h vs 1,91 # 0,98 h; p<0,05 for boys; 2,75 # 0,96 h vs 1,89 # 0,80 h; p<0,05 for girls). Significantly higher values of blood pressure were recorded in obese boys compared to normally nourished (systolic BP: 101,25#6,41 mm Hg, vs 96,36#4,86; p<0,05; dyastolic BP: 71,25#6,41 mm Hg, vs 66,14#4,81; p<0,05). Obese girls had significantly higher systolic BP compared to normally nourished: 103,33#5,77 mm Hg, vs 97,03#5,19; p<0,05. Obtained results indicate the relationship between obesity and higher blood pressure even in such young children, which is the major contribution of this study, considering the lack of investigations in similar populations, as well as the previously established fact that increased risk in childhood may predict the development of cardiovasculard diseases in adult life.

This case report describes the application of adhesively cemented restorations made out of related, although not identical types of ceramic materials in the treatment of inborn hypodontia of the lateral incisors, as well as the aesthetic imperfections of certain teeth in the whole smile. Considering the minimally invasive approach, and the preservation of natural tooth fibers, the restorations have shown to be acceptable both aesthetically and functionally, and have proven themselves as a safe and comfortable solution for patients.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was described for the first time by Sato in Japan in 1990. It is also called: stress cardiomyopathy, ampulla cardiomyopathy, transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome, "broken heart" syndrome and takotsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction. It is characterized by finding of transient abnormal wall motion of the left ventricle, without significant coronary artery stenosis (<50% of lumen), typically accompanied by chest pain, dynamic, reversible disorders of ST-T segment and a slight increase in levels of cardiac enzymes. Previously it was thought that this disease occurs primarily in older women, usually in menopause. With the increase of knowledge and experience about this cardiomyopathy, it is more and more often diagnosed in younger people of all ages, even in younger women during pregnancy or childbirth. Etiology of this disease still remains unknown. The trigger for development of this syndrome is usually, but not always, an intensive emotional or physical stress. Pathogenesis is still not clear enough. There are several pathogenetic theories, and the most widely accepted is a catecholamine theory. It is described seven different types of cardiac dysfunction until now, and the most common are apical akinesia of the left ventricle with a compensatory basal hyperkinesia (classical form), akinesia of the middle part of the left ventricle with preserved ability of contraction in the basal and apical regions (MLV form), biventricular akinesia and isolated right ventricular dysfunction. In this paper are presented the latest findings about this cardiomyopathy, by etiopathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects.

Validity shows the degree of concurrence between the results received by an actual measuring and that of what an instrument is supposed to measure. There are three main types of validity: content validity, criterion-related validity and construct validity. Factor validity is a special approach to constructive validity, tested by statistical analysis called factor analysis. Hamilton rating scale for depression and Montgomery-Asberg depression scale are the most widely used psychiatric instruments. The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the literature on factor structure of psychiatric scales reported in different times during longitudinal studies. The units of analysis were published papers obtained by searching the two bibliographic databases: MEDLINE and PsycINFO. Factor validity of the HAMD scale was reported in 6 (0.09%) of 6590 studies which used this scale, whereas the factor validity of the MADRS scale was reported in 4 (0.2%) of 2051 studies which used the MADRS scale. The difference between the first and the last measuring in relation to values was not statistically significant: median of the number of extracted factors of the HAMD scale (p=0.371), median of total explained factor variance of the HAMD scale (p=0.250), median of variance explained by the first factor of the HAMD scale (p=0.125). Factor validity of the MADRS scale in repeated measuring also did not have statistically significant difference for the following values: median of the number of extracted factors of the MADRS scale (p=0.174), median of variance explained by the first factor of the MADRS scale (p=0.125). Coefficients of concurrent validity of the HAMD i MADRS depression scales show the trend of increase in longitudinal studies and their values are for about a third higher at the end of studies than in their beginning. Low frequency of reporting the data about reliability and validity of applied rating scales is the main problem in using the meta-analytical methods effectively to study changes in adequacy of measures in longitudinal studies.

During pregnancy, many women experience vaginal infections due weakening of the immune system and changes in hormonal status. The symptoms that accompany this occurrence are common: burning, itching, pain during sexual intercourse and abundant malodorous discharge. Treatment of these infections is essential and must be vigorously and effectively, both for the mother and the fetus, because women are at high risk of serious complications, such as premature birth and miscarriage. This problem requires serious approach.

Frequent occurrence of dental caries and periodontal diseases, especially gingivitis, in school-aged children, is becoming one of the most important problems in oral pathology, although they all can be brought under control through health education and implementation of preventive and prophylactic measures. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of dental caries and gingivitis in children, aged 12 years, attending primary schools in Kosovska Mitrovica, as an urban area, and schools in Gračanica and Laplje Selo, as rural areas. The study included 227 schoolchildren, aged 12 years, divided into two groups. One group, 129 of them, consisted of children from primary schools in Kosovska Mitrovica, as urban areas. The other group, 98 of them, consisted of children from primary schools in Gračanica and Laplje Selo, as rural areas. Klein-Palmer DMFT system (D-Decayed, M-Missing, F-filled) was used to estimate the prevalence of dental caries, while Silness-Löe plaque index, Löe-Silness gingival index and Muhlemann sulcus bleeding index were used to estimate the level of oral hygiene, gingival status and severity of gingival inflammation. The average number of permanent teeth with caries per respondent (DMFT) was 4.6 in total, for all children. The average value of DMFT in children from urban areas was 3.8, and 5.3 in children from rural areas. SiC Index was 7.9. The average value of the plaque index (PI) was 1.53±0.61, of the gingival index (GI)1.05±0.58 and of the bleeding index (BI) 0.64±0.59. The established state of oral health and periodontium in examined children points to the necessity of applying modern preventive and prophylactic measures in order to improve the oral health and increase the motivation for the overall health care.