Introduction: Mental illness is the most common cause of disability and a major public health issue worldwide due to its increasing prevalence, the difficulty of therapeutic treatment and the possible progression of the disease.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the student population over a 5-year period and the connection between sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of students and the occurrence of depressive symptoms.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the period 2018-2022 at the Institute for Health Protection of Students in Belgrade. Data was obtained by analyzing the questionnaire completed by student including the PHQ-9 questionnaire. The difference between students' socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits and the presence of depression was examined using the X2 test. Variables that were significant in the X2 test were included in a binary logistic regression. The data were analyzed with SPSS 20.

Results: 34047 students participated, 17.53% of whom were identified as individuals with high risk for depression. In the study first graders showed more symptoms of depression than third graders. The students who showed symptoms of depression were typically female, lived with their parents, did not consume alcohol or smoke and exercised 2-3 times per week. In the logistical regression model, alcohol consumption was positively and significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion: The preventive measures should focus on lower alcohol consumption and frequent physical activity. Regular systematic examinations and referral to a specialist for the individuals identified as high-risk for depression should be mandatory.

Arterial hypertension is well-known strong risk factor that can lead to the development of coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, stroke, and other heart-related issues. Arterial hypertension has increased exponentially in the last few decades in adult men and women. Traditionally arterial hypertension is classified as primary, when no specific cause has been identified and is usually associated with multiple genetic polymorphisms and various environmental factor interactions, and secondary when there are conditions with biological plausibility to cause hypertension. Traditional data in medical textbooks indicate that in 90-95% of cases, arterial hypertension is primary, while only a small percentage of cases have secondary hypertension. European guidelines for elevated blood pressure and hypertension from 2024 indicate a higher prevalence of secondary hypertension, ranging from 10-35% of cases. Secondary hypertension is still not fully understood and often remains undiagnosed. Identifying the underlying cause of secondary hypertension is crucial, as treating the root condition can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and improve overall quality of life. Obesity is a major global health problem and the prevalence of obesity is constantly increasing and simultaneously leads to an increase in the prevalence of both primary and secondary arterial hypertension. Some forms of secondary hypertension cause more severe cardiac damage than primary hypertension and are associated with a higher cardiovascular risk. Secondary hypertension is more often resistant hypertension, which means that it is difficult to achieve target blood pressure values. It is important to timely conduct appropriate examinations and begin treatment promptly.

Future unavoidable development of individualized brain anatomy as a part of personalized medicine requires large databases from a vast number of individual brains. The simple descriptions, important in the clinic, demonstrated the wide morphological and morphometric variability of the sulci and gyri. Today, it is no longer enough, like in traditional anatomy, to simply describe one single, several, or even "all" sulcal/gyral variations in one region of the brain. Potential problems in the comprehensive analysis of their patterns with attempts to suggest further research are briefly reviewed. The medial hemispheric surface is suitable for a morphological pilot study of complete sulcal and gyral variability. Sulcal patterns should be presented in simplified linear form rather than as detailed images, and one useful simplification for analyzing gyral patterns, the essential gyral line, is described. Simultaneous investigation of gyri and sulci is recommended, but the problem is combinations of specific patterns in different percentages. Sophisticated algorithms could recognize cortical patterns and calculate their possible combinations. Anatomical terminology is an unavoidable component of these studies. Big data about variations of sulci and gyri would be useful in personalized medicine but also in genetic studies of potential laws and inheritance of their associations.

UVOD: Atrofični ožiljci nastaju kao česta posledica nelečenih akni, usled smanjene sinteze kolagena i poremećenih mehanizama reparacije tkiva. Plazma bogata trombocitima (PRP) se poslednjih godina sve češće koristi u terapiji ožiljaka zahvaljujući svojim regenerativnim sposobnostima, kao što su stimulacija sinteze kolagena, angiogeneza i remodelovanje tkiva.

PRIKAZ BOLESNIKA: Prikazan je slučaj pacijentkinje starosti 33 godine sa atrofičnim ožiljcima od akni tipa icepick i boxcar, lokalizovanim obostrano na obrazima. Sprovedena su tri PRP tretmana u razmaku od 4-6 nedelja. Korišćen je komercijalni PRP set, a dobijena plazma aplikovana je intradermalno iglom do 30G na dubini od oko 2mm. Sprovedena je klinička evaluacija i fotodokumentacija pre i posle serije tretmana. Nakon sprovedene terapije zabeleženo je značajno kliničko poboljšanje.

ZAKLJUČAK: PRP terapija se pokazala kao efikasna, bezbedna i dobro podnošljiva terapija u lečenju atrofičnih ožiljaka od akni. Iako standardizovan protokol u lečenju atrofičnih ožiljaka ne postoji, ovaj prikaz slučaja podržava PRP kao vrednu samostalnu ili kombinovanu terapijsku proceduru.

KLJUČNE REČI: Plazma bogata trombocitima, atrofični ožiljci od akni

Introduction: Peptic ulcer is a chronic recurrent disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which most often occurs as gastric or duodenal ulcer. Peptic ulcer is characterized by certain geographical and temporal trends.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of gastric and duodenal ulcers among subjects who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) endoscopy due to dyspeptic complaints, as well as to analyze the trend of ulcer disease over a period of 10 years.

Material and Methods: The data of a total of 4074 subjects with an average age of 54.53 ± 15.03 years, both sexes, 1841 men and 2233 women, who underwent EGDS in 2005 and 2015 calendar years were retrospectively analyzed. Results: This study showed that the trend of ulcer disease significantly decreased in the observed ten-year period, accompanied by concomitant decrease in the prevalence of duodenal ulcers, while the frequency of gastric ulcers retained approximately at the same level. The results showed that men were at greater relative risk than women for the development of duodenal ulcers, in both calendar years. In the ten-year period, the average age of patients with ulcer disease increased by about 4 years, especially in the group with duodenal ulcer, and particularly within women with duodenal ulcer. Compared to 2005, the average age of subjects undergoing EGDS in 2015 increased by about 2 years, regardless of whether or not they were diagnosed with ulcer disease.

Conclusions: In the period 2005 - 2015, the age of patients with peptic ulcer tended to increase, whilst the prevalence of ulcer disease, especially duodenal ulcer, has decreased. The relative risk for duodenal ulcer in men was higher than in women. 

Introduction: Syncope is a sudden, short-lived, transient loss of consciousness associated with the inability to maintain postural tone. The aim of this paper is: to determine the frequency of syncope in children and adolescents in our conditions, to analyze the characteristics of syncopal episodes and clinical presentation in order to identify the etiology of seizures, and to provide diagnostic protocols, i.e. guidelines for streamlining clinical trials.

Methodology: The diagnosis of the disease was made clinically on the basis of well-taken anamnestic data and a detailed description of the quality of the attack, physical examination and routine laboratory analyzes: (CBC, glycemia, standard ECG). Additional tests were selectively performed: Holter ECG, ergometry, Tilt table test, Echocardiogram, NMR, EEG.

Results: Out of the total number of examined children in the outpatient Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, 139 patients (0.6%) reported due to short-term loss of consciousness. The largest number of children was between 15 and 18 years old. Ninety-two ( 66%) of those 139 were girls, and 47 (34%) were boys (p <0.05). Regarding the cause of syncope, it was found in 117 (84%) patients, and in 22 (16%) children the cause of syncope was unknown (p <0.05). Etiologically spreaking, syncope was divided into 3 groups: autonomic (vasovagal, situational, orthostatic, increased vagus tone in athletes) was the most common, in 88 patients (75%), cardiogenic in 5 (4%) and non-cardiogenic in 24 patients.(21%). There was also a recurrence of the attack. In two children, the syncopal attack was repeated 4 times.

CONCLUSION: Syncope most often occurs in teenagers and is mostly benign. To assess syncope, it is necessary to gather a detailed history of the attack, to conduct a detailed physical examination and routine laboratory analyzes: CBC, glycemia and standard ECG. Supplementary diagnostics should be performed exclusively in patients where there is a reasonable suspicion of heart disease or neurological diseases. 

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in children under the age of 5 years. In addition to the progress of modern medicine, the cause of KD is currently unknown and specific diagnostic tests for definitive diagnosis does not exist. The differential-diagnostic enigma is the exclusion of other diseases with similar clinical features. The primary treatment in the acute phase of KD is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA/aspirin). There is not a recommendation to a uniform therapeutic approach in refractory KD. The role of corticosteroids is still controversial, but there are studies that support its use as adjuvant treatment. Most patients have a good prognosis. The focus of future research should be the formulation of new algorithms for detection, differential diagnostic triage and treatment of KD. 

Uvod: Dispepsija je čest gastroenterološki sindrom koji značajno narušava kvalitet života. Infekcija bakterijom Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) ključni
 je faktor u razvoju organske dispepsije, dok njena povezanost sa funkcionalnom dispepsijom ostaje predmet istraživanja.
 Cilj: Ispitati prevalenciju H. pylori infekcije kod pacijenata sa dispepsijom i njenu povezanost sa simptomima, endoskopskim nalazima i hematološkim
 parametrima
 Metode: Retrospektivna studija obuhvatila je 117 pacijenata sa dispepsijom pregledanih tokom 2023. godine na Internoj klinici KBC Priština-Gračanica
 u Lapljem Selu. Svi su podvrgnuti gornjoj gastrointestinalnoj endoskopiji i testiranju na H. pylori antigen u stolici. Analizirani su demografski podaci,
 simptomi, endoskopski i hematološki nalazi.
 Rezultati: H. pylori infekcija je potvrđena kod 63,25% pacijenata, bez značajne razlike između polova. Zabeležen je trend porasta prevalencije sa
 godinama, ali bez statističke značajnosti (p=0,060). Epigastrični bol (p=0,0068) i gorušica (p<0,0001) su bili značajno češći kod H. pylori pozitivnih
 pacijenata, dok su hronični gastritis (p=0,005) i duodenalni ulkus (p=0,029) bili dominantni endoskopski nalazi kod ove grupe. Značajno veći procenat
 H. pylori pozitivnih pacijenata imao je snižene vrednosti broja eritrocita i hemoglobina u odnosu na negativnu grupu (p<0,01). Prosečan hematokrit
 bio je niži u H. pylori pozitivnoj grupi (p=0,013), ali se nije značajno razlikovao od referentnih vrednosti.
 Zaključak: H. pylori infekcija je česta među pacijentima sa dispepsijom i povezana sa specifičnim simptomima, patološkim endoskopskim nalazima i
 hematološkim promenama. Testiranje na H. pylori je ključno u proceni dispepsije, dok H. pylori negativni pacijenti sa upornim simptomima zahtevaju
 dodatnu dijagnostiku.
 Ključne reči: Helicobacter pylori; dispepsija; simptomi; endoskopski nalaz; hematološki parametri

Background: People with diabetes more often experienced severe clinical forms of COVID-19. However, it has been hypothesized that certain antidiabetic drugs may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the change in consumption of antidiabetic drugs in Serbia.

Methods: This descriptive analysis was carried out using publicly accessible data obtained from the official website of the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia during the period 2006-2022. The joinpoint regression analysis was applied to investigate the dynamics of antidiabetic drugs utilization over time.

Results: In the Republic of Serbia, this study analyzed the use of 28 antidiabetic drugs between 2006 and 2022.The results showed that at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in consumption of dulaglutide (starting from 2020) and a decrease in consumption of insulin detemir (starting from 2019), insulin lispro (combined) and insulin lispro (fast-acting) (starting from 2020).

Conclusion: Our study revealed significant changes in the usage of certain antidiabetic drugs, such as increased consumption of dulaglutide and decreased use of various insulin types. These changes reflect the evolving strategies in diabetes treatment to better support patients during this global health crisis.

Key words: antidiabetic drugs, impact of Covid-19, consumption, Serbia

 Uvod: Kognitivni pojačivači (KP) poboljšavaju kognitivne funkcije putem neurotransmitera CNS-a. Čine raznorodnu grupu supstanci koje se
 svakodnevno uzimaju kao napici nalik kafi, biljni lekovi i dijetetski suplementi (“meki pojačivači”) ili lekovi koji se koriste u lečenju bolesti
 (nootropici). Upotreba i zloupotreba su česte u studentskoj populaciji sa brojnim etičkim pitanjima.  
Cilj: Utvrđivanje informisanosti studenata medicine, njihovih stavova o upotrebi i stepenu rizika od neželjenog delovanja KP, na osnovu pretpostavke
 da je upotreba ovih supstanci redovna.
 Materijal I metode: Studija preseka je sprovedena po tipu anonimnog anketnog istraživanja na Medicinskom fakultetu Priština sa privremenim
 sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici. U ispitivanju su dobrovoljno učestvovali studenti medicine prve tri godine integrisanih studija koji nisu položili ispit iz
 predmeta Farmakologija sa toksikologijom. Upitnik je obuhvatio socio-demografske podatke, podatke o koncentraciji i navikama u učenju, stepen
 informisanosti, procenu upotrebe i procenu rizika korišćenja KP. Stratifikacija uzorka je izvršena prema polu studenata, a Likert-ova skala je poslužila
 za rangiranje stavova ispitanika.
 Rezultati: Od ukupnog broja anketiranih (n=249) u konačnu statističku analizu podataka uključeno je 169 anketnih upitnika (M 32,5 %, Ž 67,5%).
 Najviše studenata je bilo sa druge godine studija (40%), dok je najviše studentkinja bilo sa prve godine (48,2%). Uočena je statistički značajna razlika
 između ispitivanih grupa u odnosu na godinu studiranja (p=0,009).  Informacije o KP su novina za 40,2% ispitanika (M 49,1%, Ž 36%). Da je o njihovoj
 primeni dovoljno informisano smatra 23,7 % ispitanika (M 20%, Ž 25,4%). Postoji statistički značajna razlika u upotrebi internet baza za informisanje o
 KP (p<0,001).Najveći broj studenata (71,6%) koristi internet za informisanje o KP, pri čemu je korišćenje internet baza bilo statistički značajno veće
 kod žena u odnosu na muškarce (M 56,4 %,Ž 78,9 %; p=0,002). Više od polovine ispitanika (50,3%) koristi Mediately bazu kao pouzdanu bazu podataka o
 lekovima. Od ukupnog broja studenata 40,8% upotrebljava neki od navedenih KP (M 43,6%, Ž 39,5%). Najčešći razlozi za upotrebu kod obe grupe
 ispitanika su poboljšanje koncentracije (M 27,3%, Ž 28,9%) i uspešnije polaganje ispita (M 25,5%, Ž 15,8%). Oba pola najviše koriste ginko bilobu (M
 29,1%, Ž 32,5%) i metilksantine (M 29,1%, Ž 17,5%). Studenti znatno češće upotrebljavaju kreatin u odnosu na studentkinje (M 20%; Ž 2,6%; p=0,003).
 Obe grupe studenata su prema medijani i interkvartilnom opsegu (25-75%) uočenog rizika od neželjenih reakcija rangirale kokain (M 9,0; Ž 9,0),
 metamfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 8,0) i amfetamin (M 8,0; Ž 7,0) kao najopasnije, dok je ginko biloba procenjena kao najbezbedniji KP (M 3,0; Ž 3,0). 
Zaključak: Većina studenata nije dovoljno informisana o kognitivnim pojačivačima, iako ih koriste samoinicijativno, radi postizanja boljih rezultata na
 studijama. Neophodno je studente uputiti na adekvatne izvore informisanja i organizovati vannastavne tribine i predavanja o bezbednosti i efikasnosti
 KP pre upotrebe. U skladu sa trendovima u svetu, može se očekivati porast zloupotrebe nootropika na univerzitetima i u našoj zemlji. Smatramo da bi
 trebalo ponoviti ili organizovati slično ispitivanje kroz par godina, po mogućstvu u većem obimu.
 Ključne reči: kognitivni pojačivači, informisanost studenata, stavovi studenata